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What notes can I make using this paragraph? Genetic factors Scientists believe that temperament is at least in part genetically organized and that genetic influences become increasingly prominent through early childhood (Dunn & Plomin, 1991; Wachs & Kohnstamm, 2001). They have found that heredity contributes to individual differences in temperament dimensions, such as emotionality, fearfulness, anxiety, activity level, attention span, persistence, and sociability (Kagan & Fox, 2006; Knopik et al., 2016). Some progress has been made in identifying genes or clusters of genes that are associated with variations in temperament. For example, early evidence suggested that specific genes are related to the intensity of 1-year-olds' reactions to a stranger (Lakatos et al., 2003) and 3-year-olds' reactions to novel events (De Luca et al., 2003). Even so, the environment plays a moderating role in how these genetic influences are expressed. Infant temperament is affected by the prenatal environment and environmental factors at birth (Riese, 1990). Childhood temperament is affected by interactions with family members (Rutter, 2006). In one study, for example, children with a version of the DRD4 gene, which has been shown to regulate attention, were at particularly high risk for deficits in effortful control and on an early trajectory toward negative outcomes if they were exposed to high levels of negative parenting (Smith et al., 2012). Need Assignment Help?