1. In 1900, did it seem clear that x rays were electromagnetic radiation? Give reasons for your answer. Was it important to perform further experiments to verify the characteristics of x rays?
2. In the early 1900s it was found that x rays were more dif?cult to refract or diffract than visible light. Why did this lead researchers to suppose that the wave- lengths of x rays were shorter rather than longer than those of light?
3. What determines whether a given photon is an x ray? Could an x ray have a wavelength longer than some ultraviolet light?
4. For a single crystal, transmission x-ray scattering will produce dots. However, if there are randomly ori- ented crystals, as in powder, concentric rings appear. Explain the difference qualitatively.
5. How many particles do you think might be shown experimentally to exhibit wavelike properties? List at least four and discuss possible experiments to show this behavior.