Problem 1: The principal objective in reading Agrawal's article is to achieve a basic understanding of the fundamental differences between indigenous and western/scientific ways of knowing. Read pages 416-20 and identify the characteristics of western/scientific ways of knowing. Also identify the characteristics of traditional, indigenous ways of knowing.
Problem 2: In a few sentences, why have rational, western ways of knowing failed to achieve economic and social development which is equitable and sustainable? How might the characteristics of traditional indigenous knowledge compensate for these shortcomings?