Question:
A. Human knowledge relies on basic and certain beliefs; scientific knowledge must be philosophically justified before it can be described and assessed.
B. The methods and results of science can apply to philosophical questions.
C. Scientific theories are based on reasoning and attention to evidence, not bias or other arbitrary factors.
D. Scientific language should refer directly to observations, or be defined in terms of observations.
E. The chief purpose of thought, language, and science is practical problem solving.
F. The authority of science, philosophy, and religion, does not conflict because each has a primary area of explanatory legitimacy.
G. Scientific theories are tools that predict observations, not explanations of underlying reality.
H. Limitation of scientific theories to the observable material world.
I. Observations are influenced by the conscious and unconscious framework of the observer.
J. Observations are consistent and not influenced by the conscious or unconscious framework of the observer.
1. Scientific naturalism.
2. Philosophical naturalism.
3. Theory-laden.
4. Theory-neutral.
5. Nonoverlapping magisteria.
6. Foundationalism
7. Pragmatism
8. Rationalism
9. Instrumentalism
10 OPERATIONALISM.