How to judge the test dependent or independent


Discussion:

Q: The following data are the heart rates (in beats per minute) of 12 regular before and after chewing smokeless tobacco. Does chewing make a difference in heart rate? Also, is the test dependent or independent?

Subject 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Rate Before 73 67 68 60 76 80 73 77 66 58 82 78

Rate After 77 69 73 70 74 88 76 82 69 61 84 80

 

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