The post-Enron reforms have introduced new rules and regulations especially for boards and director oversight. Worldwide, there have been calls for more rules and more stringent regulations. These calls for reform have shifted the attention to checklist compliance with the rules and have often ignored the het- erogeneity of companies. How might introducing more stringent regulations strengthen investor protection and con?dence? What do studies show about the economic effects post Sarbanes-Oxley?