How many subjects were included in the study - what is the

Question

Question 1:

If A denotes some event, what does A‾ denote If P(A)=0.998, what is the value of P(A‾) If P(A)=0.998, is A‾ unusual?
What does A‾ denote?
A.Event A‾ is always unusual.
B.Events A and A‾ share all outcomes.
C.Event A‾ denotes the complement of event A, meaning that A‾ and A share some but not all outcomes.
D.Event A‾ denotes the complement of event A, meaning that A‾ consists of all outcomes in which event A does not occur.

If P(A) = 0.998, what is the value of P(A‾)?

If P(A) = 0.998, is A‾ unusual?

Question 2:

To the right are the outcomes that are possible when a couple has three children. Refer to that list, and find the probability of each event.
a. Among three children, there are exactly 2 girls.
b. Among three children, there are exactly 0 boys.
c. Among three children, there is exactly 1 boy.

1st	2nd	3rd
boy	boy	boy
boy	boy	girl
boy	girl	boy
boy	girl	girl
girl	boy	boy
girl	boy	girl
girl	girl	boy
girl	girl	girl

Question 3:

Among 350 randomly selected drivers in the 16-18 age bracket, 250 were in a car crash in the last year. If a driver in that age bracket is randomly selected, what is the approximate probability that he or she will be in a car crash during the next year? Is it unusual for a driver in that age bracket to be involved in a car crash during a year? Is the resulting value high enough to be of concern to those in the 16-18 age bracket? Consider an event to be "unusual" if its probability is less than or equal to 0.05.

The probability that a randomly selected person in the 16-18 age bracket will be in a car crash this year is approximately ___.

(Type an integer or decimal rounded to the nearest thousandth as needed.)

Would it be unusual for a driver in that age bracket to be involved in a car crash this year?

Is the probability high enough to be of concern to those in the 16-18 age bracket?

Question 4:

Decide whether the following two events are disjoint.
1. Randomly selecting someone treated with a certain medication.
2. Randomly selecting someone who received no medication.

Are the two events disjoint?
A. No, because the events cannot occur at the same time.
B. No, because the events can occur at the same time.
C. Yes, because the events cannot occur at the same time.
D. Yes, because the events can occur at the same time.

Question 5:

Answer the following questions.

a. If P(A) = 0.17, find the probability of the complement of A, P(A‾).

b. A certain group of women has a 0.02% rate of red/green color blindness. If a woman is randomly selected, what is the probability that she does not have red/green color blindness?

Question 6:

Use the following results from a test for marijuana use, which is provided by a certain drug testing company. Among 142 subjects with positive test results, there are 28 false positive results. Among 158 negative results, there are 3 false negative results. Complete parts (a) through? (c). (Hint: Construct a table.)

(a) How many subjects were included in the study?
(b) How many subjects did not use marijuana?
(c) What is the probability that a randomly selected subject did not use marijuana?

Question 7:

Problem Statement and Interaction Area

	Viagra Treatment	Placebo
Headache	112	24
No Headache	609	690

Use the data in the accompanying table (based on data from Pfizer, Inc., as presented in Triola & Triola). The table describes results from a clinical trial of the well-known drug Viagra. Calculate the probability that a patient receiving the placebo will have a headache.
A. 0.155
B. 0.035
C. 0.034
D. 4.621

Question 8:

Problem Statement and Interaction Area

	Viagra Treatment	Placebo
Headache	112	32
No Headache	605	694

Use the data in the accompanying table (based on data from Pfizer, Inc., as presented in Triola & Triola). The table describes results from a clinical trial of the well-known drug Viagra. Calculate the relative risk of a headache for patients receiving Viagra compared to those receiving the placebo.
A. 4.015
B. 0.156
C. 0.044
D. 3.544

Question 9:

Problem Statement and Interaction Area

	Helmet Worn	No Helmet
Facial Injury Received	30	180
All injuries nonfacial	79	231

Use the data in the accompanying table (based on data from "A case-control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing facial injury," by Thompson, Rivara, and Wolf, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 80, No. 12 as presented in Triola & Triola).

Calculate the risk of facial injuries if a helmet is worn.
A. 0.725
B. 0.438
C. 0.628
D. 0.275

Question 10:

Problem Statement and Interaction Area

	Viagra Treatment	Placebo
Headache	112	28
No Headache	624	692

Use the data in the accompanying table (based on data from Pfizer, Inc., as presented in Triola & Triola). The table describes results from a clinical trial of the well-known drug Viagra. Calculate the odds in favor of a headache among Viagra users.
A. 5.571
B. 4.436
C. 0.152
D. 0.179

Question 11:

Problem Statement and Interaction Area

	Helmet Worn	No Helmet
Facial Injury Received	32	177
All injuries nonfacial	81	233

Use the data in the accompanying table (based on data from "A case-control study of the effectiveness of bicycle safety helmets in preventing facial injury," by Thompson, Rivara, and Wolf, American Journal of Public Health, Vol. 80, No. 12 as presented in Triola & Triola). Calculate the odds ratio for facial injuries among those who wore helmets compared to those who did not wear helmets.
A. 0.395
B. 2.531
C. 0.520
D. 0.283

Question 12:

Given the following hypothetical data: Vital Statistics for the United States in One Year? (from Triola and Triola, 2006)

k=1000, for most

Population	285458442
Women aged 15-44	60128331
Deaths	2546458
Fetuses delivered without life after 20 weeks of gestation	37100
Live Births	4607273
HIV infected persons	912063
Deaths of infants under 1 yr of age	26041
Deaths from HIV infections	15907
Deaths of infants under 28 days of age	16824
Motor vehicle deaths	43067

Calculate the Crude Birth Rate, per 1000, for the United States.
A. 116.0
B. 76.6
C. 0.016
D. 4607273

Question 13:

Given the following hypothetical data: Vital Statistics for the United States in One Year? (from Triola and Triola, 2006)

k=1000, for most

Population	284892659
Women aged 15-44	61956037
Deaths	2819383
Fetuses delivered without life after 20 weeks of gestation	40935
Live Births	4760397
HIV infected persons	952279
Deaths of infants under 1 yr of age	28001
Deaths from HIV infections	17729
Deaths of infants under 28 days of age	18129
Motor vehicle deaths	43978

Calculate the Fetal Mortality Rate, per 1000, for the United States.
A. 9.0
B.12.0
C. 5.9
D. 40935

Question 14:

Problem
Given the following hypothetical data: Vital Statistics for the United States in One Year? (from Triola and Triola, 2006)

k=1000, for most

Population	285370716
Women aged 15-44	59419373
Deaths	2989219
Fetuses delivered without life after 20 weeks of gestation	40655
Live Births	4098607
HIV infected persons	887469
Deaths of infants under 1 yr of age	28607
Deaths from HIV infections	17678
Deaths of infants under 28 days of age	18815
Motor vehicle deaths	44101

Calculate the HIV Incidence Rate, per 1000, for the United States.
A.887469
B.3.1
C.0.003
D. 19.9

Question 15:

Problem

Given the following hypothetical data: Vital Statistics for the United States in One Year? (from Triola and Triola, 2006)

k=1000, for most

Population	284835810
Women aged 15-44	61408300
Deaths	2207814
Fetuses delivered without life after 20 weeks of gestation	40268
Live Births	4909025
HIV infected persons	959572
Deaths of infants under 1 yr of age	27746
Deaths from HIV infections	16751
Deaths of infants under 28 days of age	16520
Motor vehicle deaths	44049

Calculate the HIV Mortality Rate for HIV-infected persons, per 1000, for the United States.

A.3.4
B.17.5
C.0.018
D.0.003

Question 16:

Problem

Given the following hypothetical data: Vital Statistics for the United States in One Year? (from Triola and Triola, 2006)

k=1000, for most

Population	284283240
Women aged 15-44	60380875
Deaths	2663422
Fetuses delivered without life after 20 weeks of gestation	38060
Live Births	4740955
HIV infected persons	809447
Deaths of infants under 1 yr of age	27092
Deaths from HIV infections	16143
Deaths of infants under 28 days of age	17108
Motor vehicle deaths	44801

Calculate the Neonatal Mortality Rate, per 1000, for the United States.
A.12.0
B.0.012
C.3.6
D.5.7

Question 17:

Problem
Given the following hypothetical data: Vital Statistics for the United States in One Year? (from Triola and Triola, 2006)

k=1000, for most

Population	285145927
Women aged 15-44	59070387
Deaths	2998808
Fetuses delivered without life after 20 weeks of gestation	38894
Live Births	4016961
HIV infected persons	802729
Deaths of infants under 1 yr of age	27890
Deaths from HIV infections	16432
Deaths of infants under 28 days of age	17205
Motor vehicle deaths	41234

Calculate the Perinatal Mortality Rate, per 1000, for the United States.
A.6.9
B.4.3
C.13.8
D.10.0

Question 18:

Problem

Given the following hypothetical data: Vital Statistics for the United States in One Year? (from Triola and Triola, 2006)
k=1000, for most

Population	284227801
Women aged 15-44	59919831
Deaths	2251221
Fetuses delivered without life after 20 weeks of gestation	40952
Live Births	4164196
HIV infected persons	834917
Deaths of infants under 1 yr of age	28719
Deaths from HIV infections	16699
Deaths of infants under 28 days of age	18280
Motor vehicle deaths	667934

Calculate the Motor Vehicle Death Incidence Rate, per 10,000, for the United States.

A. 1.5
B. 0.015
C. 6.9
D. 41430

Question 19:

Problem

Given the following hypothetical data: Vital Statistics for the United States in One Year? (from Triola and Triola, 2006)
k=1000, for most

Population	284360736
Women aged 15-44	59708660
Deaths	2354201
Fetuses delivered without life after 20 weeks of gestation	38548
Live Births	4238999
HIV infected persons	929571
Deaths of infants under 1 yr of age	26834
Deaths from HIV infections	15483
Deaths of infants under 28 days of age	17291
Motor vehicle deaths	44252

Calculate the General Fertility Rate, per 1000, for the United States.
A.71.0
B.15.0
C.0.071
D.4238999

Question 20:

Problem

Given the following hypothetical data: Vital Statistics for the United States in One Year? (from Triola and Triola, 2006)
k=1000, for most

Population	285369736
Women aged 15-44	59131212
Deaths	2987724
Fetuses delivered without life after 20 weeks of gestation	37884
Live Births	4835060
HIV infected persons	967004
Deaths of infants under 1 yr of age	26140
Deaths from HIV infections	15165
Deaths of infants under 28 days of age	17772
Motor vehicle deaths	41092

Calculate the Infant Mortality Rate, per 1000, for the United States.
A.3.7
B.8.0
C.5.4
D.0.005