Problem: How to disagree politely. After reading my module resources and analyzing how effective the Violence Against Women Act and criminal justice based protective actions are it is evident that many of these actions do not reduce the violence against women. There is a plethora of research that suggests that many women fear to call the police, so the abuse is widely underreported. "But some say mandatory arrest discourages some women from reporting domestic violence because they fear their partners-sometimes a family's sole earner-will be automatically arrested and thrown in jail." (Pickert, 2013) This leads many women into a cycle of abuse that is pushed even further. The cycle is perpetuating out of fear from outside intervention and because the cops are not called, the offender may feel like they can do whatever they want without repercussion. This can put women into even more danger. . Reports of the effectiveness of calling the police are mixed. Research conflicts on the deterrent effects of arrest (Heckert & Gondolf, 2004; Maxwell, Garner, & Fagan, 2001), but arrest has been shown to protect against fatal IPV (Campbell et al., 2003). When relying on victim self-report, although 74.8% of one sample found contacting law enforcement to be helpful (Goodman et al., 2003), only 42% of another sample stated that calling the police made the situation better (Goodkind et al., 2004). The research does not suggest that calling the police helps against all violence, just fatal violence. Need Assignment Help?