1. What are the effects of hypoxia on cellular function? How does hypoxia lead to cellular injury and death? What structures of the cell are most affected?
2. How are free radicals formed, and how do they cause damage to cells? What are their physiological functions? How do cells protect themselves from damage by free radicals?
3. What causes discoloration and the course of color changes seen in a bruise? Is this related to livor mortis?
4. Calcium ions are involved in regulation of many cellular functions. How is calcium involved in cellular dysfunction and injury? What is the role of calcium in rigor mortis? How do heavy metals relate to calcium in their effects on cells?
5. How does alcohol affect cellular function? Which structures of a cell are most affected by alcohol? Why does alcohol affect so many different systems?