12. How do restriction enzymes and ligase allow us to clone fragments of DNA?
13. How are cloning vectors then put into bacteria cells?
14. How do we know if the bacteria cell has the vector? How do we know if the vector contains the insert?
15. How is a cloning vector different from an expression vector?
16. How does a Eukaryotic gene have to be modified before being expressed by a bacteria cell?
17. Define: transformation, X-gal, Ti plasmid,
18. How is PCR similar to cloning? What are the advantages to PCR over cloning?
20. What are primers? How do they specify which segment of DNA is going to be amplified?
21. If we don’t know the exact sequence of the gene, then describe 2 ways in which we can still use PCR to amplify that gene?