How do changes in plasma osmolality affect the physiology


Discussion

a) What is the equation for the carbonic acid/bicarbonate buffering system? How do actions at the lungs and kidneys affect this equation and thus compensate for alterations in plasma pH levels?

b) How do changes in plasma osmolality affect the physiology of erythrocytes?

The response should include a reference list. One-inch margins, Using Times New Roman 12 pnt font, double-space and APA style of writing and citations.

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