Assignment
Worksheet
Part 1
As you read required materials, complete this worksheet. This is a multipage assignment; double-check that you completed each page before submitting.
Part I: Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the blanks to complete the following sentences.
1. North African Civilization, 1000-1800 C.E.
a. The written record of the past and the study of past written records is called _____.
b. Sunnis struggled against Shiites, especially _____, for the faith of North Africans in the 11th and 12th centuries.
c. Between 1000 and 1800, North African politics was characterized by _____ as its tribes and city-states fought to maintain effective _____. Several empires controlled parts of the region north of the Sahara during this time, including the _____, but none was able to control the large areas for long periods of time.
d. The were rulers of Morocco who claimed to be descendants of _____.
e. Islam spread southward across the _____desert primarily with Muslim _____. The _____, a group of zealous Muslims, began trying to convert people by force in the 1030s.
2. Civilization in the Sahel and the Sudan, 1000-1800
a. The kingdom of Ghana, with its capital at _____, controlled the slave and _____ trade in the 11th and 12th centuries. Traders and government workers who followed _____ were influential, but the king and court practiced paganism and idol worship.
b. Following the decline and collapse of Ghana in the late 12th century, the region consisted of several smaller kingdoms until the empire of _____ consolidated power in the mid- and late-13th century. The Muslim kings of this empire made pilgrimages to _____ and encouraged trade.
c. Mali's most important kings from the Keita dynasty were _____, who extended Mali's power west to the Atlantic and established the Malian capital at _____ , and _____, who encouraged Muslim scholars, artists, architects, scientists, and poets to settle in Mali. Many of these intellectuals moved to _____, where the madrasas and libraries made it a lasting center for culture in West Africa.
d. The Songhai became an empire after the conquests of Timbuktu and Jenne during the reign of _____, who practiced traditional African religion. His successor, _____, was a Muslim and encouraged Muslim settlement and scholarship. Under Songhai rule, ________ expanded its role as the center of Islamic learning and scholarship in the Sahel and Sudan. Trade continued to expand under the rule of _____, who defended the empire against the Mossi and Berbers. Soon, though, civil war and an invasion force armed with __________from Morocco caused the decline of the Songhai empire.
e. The _____ empire in the central Sudan and _____ , southwest of Lake Chad, were the centers of an Islamic empire with an economic foundation based on _____.
f. The Nubian kingdoms of _____ and _____ gradually became more and more influenced by Arabic culture and Islam.
3. Civilization in the Central and West African Forestlands: 1000-1800
a. Ewuare was the _____ , or king, of Benin who transformed it into a large kingdom and shifted rule away from the _____, or council of chiefs, by establishing broad royal authority. Later, slaves were _____ to the oba as his role expanded from a military and political leader into a spiritual leader with supernatural powers.
b. The kingdom of in _____ Central Africa was a major partner of Portuguese slave traders during the 16th century, and thrived in the 17th century as Christian and indigenous African traditions blended.
c. The arrival of merchants, traders, and colonists from _____ along the West and Central African coasts changed the continent drastically between 1500 and 1800. Food crops from the Americas, such as _____, expanded African access to nutrition. The first white proprietary colony in Africa was Portuguese-controlled , where the international slave trade quickly depopulated the region around Luanda.
4. East African Civilization: 1000-1800
a. Arab and Persian merchants traded heavily with East Africa and helped convert the coastal regions to _____. The most important export good from East Africa was _____, but the traders also bought slaves, gold, wood, and cotton cloth. These traders also contributed to _____, a trade language made of a blend of Bantu and Arabic influences.
b. In the 14th and 15th centuries, coastal Swahili city-states like Kilwa, Manda, Lamu, Mombasa, and _____ were cosmopolitan trading centers.
c. Portuguese trading arrived in East Africa in the 16th century, contributing to the economic ______ of the Swahili city-states. In 1698, the Portuguese were expelled from most of East Africa by the state of _____ on the Arabian Peninsula, which established a southern stronghold in _____.
5. Southern African Civilizations: 1000-1800
a. _____-speaking Shona people founded a thriving civilization between the Limpopo and Zambezi rivers south of the Swahili city-states. Its greatest city, known now as _____, reveals to archaeologists a wealthy, sophisticated society that flourished due to population growth, herding, farming, and the trade. This civilization, which likely declined because of depleted _____ , appears to have divided into a southern kingdom, _____, and a northern kingdom ruled by the Mwene Mutapa (Master Pillager), _____.
b. The Shona _____ kingdom conquered the northern kingdom and pushed the Portuguese out in the 1690s, but mixed-blood _____, of Portuguese and African descent, continued to dominate Southeastern Africa.
c. The _____ peoples of Southwestern Africa were integrated into the economy and displaced by European colonists from _____ after the founding of the first Cape settlement in 1652. Nomadic European herders called _____ expanded European influence, and a new language, _____, emerged from the blended culture of the Cape Colony. By the 18th century, Dutch and indigenous African cultural influences in the Cape Colony were joined by new influences from _____colonists.
6. Medieval European Civilization
a. The Roman Catholic Church recovered strength in the Middle Ages, through the efforts of _____, the first king of Germany who was not a Frank, and the reform movement centered on the monastery at _____, which led efforts to free the Church from political influences. The popularity and influence of the _____ were demonstrated by the strong efforts of European warriors in the Crusades, holy wars against neighboring peoples who practiced the _____ religion. The _____, which lasted from 1378 to 1417, had rival claimants to the papacy in Rome and Avignon.
b. The Crusades and reconquest in _____encouraged cultural exchange with Asia and Africa, granting Europeans access to classical literature, philosophy, and learning.
c. The Hundred Years' War, fought between _____and _____, helped establish the national identities of both countries. The inspiring leadership of _____ helped the French drive England off the continent, but she was executed by the Inquisition in 1431. New military tactics made noble mounted _____ obsolete during this conflict.
d. The _____, or bubonic plague, swept across Europe several times in the 14th century. Factors that encouraged the plague included overpopulation, infestation by rats and, _____ brought on by crop failure, and increased trade with Asia. Along with widespread death, the plague contributed to a deep social _____, the Flagellant movement, a decline in the importance of the nobility, centralization of power under _____, declining prices, increasing prices for _____, and growth of power in trade guilds.
e. The late Middle Ages was characterized by the importance of kings and national monarchies like France, England, Russia, and Spain-which was united by the marriage of of Castile and _____ of Aragon. The Russian Empire, centered in _____ , was freed from Mongol rule by _____ , who united northern Russia.
7. Renaissance Italian Civilization
a. The Italian city-states grew wealthy from _____ with Europe and the Near East. By 1500, most city-states were despotisms ruled by a strongman known as a _____ who maintained law and order. Venice, the exception, was a republic ruled by wealthy _____. The city-states handled competition with one another by practicing diplomacy and establishing resident _____.
b. The wealthiest and most powerful family in Florence, the _____ family, controlled the city for many decades and sponsored the arts.
c. Scholarly research of classical Greek and Roman authors and the founders of Christianity, or _____, helped launch the Renaissance, a time of extraordinary learning, re-learning, and innovation.
Part II: Cultural Contributions
Complete the following matrix with at least one element for each category.
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Civilization
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Intellectual Contributions
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Artistic Forms or Contributions
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Architecture
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Religious Beliefs
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Traditions
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North Africa, 1000-1800
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Fatimid: Mali, Ghana, Songhai, Kanem, Kanem-Bornu, and Nubia
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Forestlands
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East African
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Southern African
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Medieval European
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Renaissance Italian
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Part 2
Consider the historical context of England in 1215 with the costs of King Richard the Lionheart's ransom and the Crusades.
Research factors that contributed to the Magna Carta and the interests of those involved.
Write a 700- to 1,050-word paper analyzing the creation of the Magna Carta. Answer the following questions:
• Intro
• What were the nobles' complaints?
• How did the nobles' interests differ from the king's interests?
• What interests did the nobles have in common with the king?
• Conclusion
• References
Cite at least four references to support your arguments.
Format your paper consistent with APA guidelines.