Problem
A. Describe how acquired traits can be inherited via epigenetic changes and discuss the evidence that epigenetic changes can lead to adaptive variation in species, including defense induction in plants
B. Explain how cultural transmission can generate adaptive variation in populations of social animals, including food choice in monkeys and human cultural traditions.
C. Define pleiotropy and explain the likely phenotypic outcomes of sequence changes within master toolkit genes and how changes in regulatory elements can lead to adaptive variation, including in the pelvic spine of the stickleback and the yellow gene in fruit flies.
D. Define epistasis and explain its significance in the relationship between genotype & phenotype, including nuclear mitochondrial protein compatibility.
E. Describe how the adaptive landscape model can help to conceive of the processes of natural selection and genetic drift.