Problem
i. How and when is it appropriate to use personal communication strategies, conferences, and interviews? What issues should you consider (Chappuis & Stiggins, 2020; Cohen & Spenciner, 2015)?
ii. How can observation be used as an effective method of formative and summative assessment? (NCTE, 2013) What are some options for assessing students with special needs and concerns about reliability, validity, and fairness? (Cohen & Spenciner, 2015). What are some things you should keep in mind while observing? (White, 2016)?
iii. How can we ask questions that will cause students to use higher-order thinking skills in order to answer? What are the advantages of using logs and journal as assessment tools (Chappuis & Stiggins)?
iv. In what ways can we structure conferences, interviews, and oral examinations to obtain accurate information about student achievement? (Chappuis & Stiggins, 2020, Cohen & Spenciner, 2015).