Problem:
Abnormal behavior is commonly defined using the framework of the "four Ds": deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. These criteria help distinguish behaviors that fall outside typical human functioning. Deviance refers to behavior that violates cultural or social norms. For example, talking to oneself loudly in public may be perceived as deviant. A stigma associated with this is labeling the individual as "crazy" or incapable of functioning normally (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2022). Distress describes when an individual experiences significant emotional suffering. An example is someone with severe anxiety who struggles to manage constant worry. The stigma may include assumptions of weakness or an inability to handle life stressors (Sue et al., 2022). Dysfunction occurs when behavior interferes with daily living, such as work, school, or relationships. For instance, major depressive disorder may cause someone to withdraw from responsibilities. A common stigma is that the person is "lazy" or "unmotivated," rather than experiencing a mental health condition (Nolen-Hoeksema, 2022). Danger highlights when behavior poses a risk of harm to oneself or others. For example, suicidal ideation represents a serious danger. The stigma often involves fear, avoidance, or misconceptions that the individual is violent (Sue et al., 2022). Together, the four Ds provide a comprehensive. Need Assignment Help?