Over the years the water supply and distribution system have evolved from water mains made from hallowed out logs to large storage tanks and large water main to distribute a reliable source of water to homes and businesses.
The performance of a water distribution system is effected by three variables which include; Piping materials which are generally made of a variety of materials, ranging from cast iron, to concrete. The type of material used whenever a main is installed should be carefully considered, if unstable or corrosive soils are to be expected steel or reinforced concreted should be used. Some locations may require extra protection due to areas under rail road tracks and high ways, areas close to heavy machinery, or areas prone to earth quakes. (Sturzenbecker 2012). A few other considerations when selecting piping are ensuring the material has minimal friction loss, which reduces the amount of water that can be supplied by the system. Corrosion and accumulation of sediments of piping can be a big contributor of friction loss. (Sturzenbecker 2012)
Another variable and most important for the performance of a water supply system is the piping diameter. The reason why this is so vital is by doubling the diameter of a pipe you increase volume by four times. (Sturzenbecker, 2012)
Modern water mains should be arranged to accommodate the current demand and future demands. It is recommended that that fire hydrant supply mains be 6 inches in diameter. with 8 inch gridded mains at intervals not greater than 600 feet.(Sturzenbecker, 2012)
The last variable is piping arrangements. One of these arrangements is a loop system. which is a water main that is fed from multiple directions. Its also called a circulating system. Another arrangement is a grid system also known as a complex loop. It is a large well designed grid system that uses 8 inch or larger piping. ( Sturzenbecker, 2012) The last pipe arrangement is a dead end main which is a single pipe at the end of a water system. Dead end mains are located in Cul-De-Sacs and at the end of rural villages and cities.
Having of a good reliable water distribution system is vital for firefighters and civilians. Having a large supply of water is worthless unless you can move the water to where it is needed.