Functions what are they using them arguments return values

Question

1. Programming Mechanics
   1. Functions (what are they, using them, arguments, return values, etc)
   2. Commenting your code
   3. Variables (what are they, creating them, using them, naming rules, etc)
   4. Reading input from the keyboard with the input() function
2. Math Expressions
   1. Math operators (+, -, /, //, *)
   2. Writing math expressions
   3. Evaluating math expressions
   4. Storing & printing the results of math expressions
   5. Difference between the two division operators (/ and //)
   6. Order of operations in math expressions
   7. The exponent operator (**)
   8. The modulo operator (%)
3. Data Types
   1. General concept - what is a data type?
   2. Strings
   3. Numeric data types
      • Integers (int)
      • Floating point numbers (float)
   4. Mixed type expressions
   5. User input & data types (converting strings to floats / ints for calculation purposes)
   6. Using the float() and int() function to convert strings into numbers
   7. The Boolean data type
   8. Boolean variables
4. Output
   1. General use of the print function and its default behavior
   2. Custom line endings (end=")
   3. Custom item separators (sep=")
   4. Escape characters (n, t, etc)
5. String Manipulation
   1. Combining two strings (concatenation)
   2. Multiplying a string (x = 'hi' * 5)
   3. Formatting numbers using the format() function
   4. Case manipulation (x = str.lower('CRAIG') # converts the string literal 'CRAIG' to 'craig')
   5. Calculating string length using the len() function
6. Selection Statements
   1. The structure of an IF statement (IF keyword, condition, colon, indentation)
   2. Writing a condition for an IF statement
   3. Boolean operators (<, >, ==, !=, >=, <=)
   4. Comparing numeric values using Boolean expressions
   5. Comparing string values using Boolean expressions
   6. Using the IF-ELSE statement
   7. Nesting decision structures (IF statements inside other IF statements)
   8. The IF-ELIF-ELSE statement
   9. Logical operators (and, or, not)
7. Condition Controlled Loops (while loops)
   1. mechanics & how they work
   2. setting up conditions for a while loop
   3. infinite loops and how to avoid them
   4. sentinels (defining a value that the user enters that causes the loop to end)
   5. input validation loops (asking the user to continually enter a value until that value matches some condition)
8. Accumulator variables
   1. setting up and using accumulator variables
   2. self referential assignment statements (i.e. counter = counter + 1)
   3. augmented assignment operators (i.e. counter += 1)
9. Generating random numbers using the random.randint() function
10. Error types (logic, syntax and runtime)