Do we experience emotions differently? Do people from different cultures experience emotions differently? One study designed to examine this question collected data from 416 college students from ?ve different cultures.9 The participants were asked to record, on a 1 (never) to 7 (always) scale, how much of the time they typically felt eight speci?c emotions. These were averaged to produce the global emotion score for each participant. Here is a summary of this measure: responses were combined to form two variables: frequency, the number of emotions recorded, expressed as a percent; and intensity, an average of the intensity scores measured on a scale of 0 to 6. At the end of the 1-week experimental period, the subjects were asked to recall the percent of time that they experienced different emotions. This variable was called "recall." Here is a summary of the results:
|
Culture
European American
|
n
46
|
mean (s)
82.87 (18.26)
|
mean(s)
2.79 (0.72)
|
mean (s)
49.12 (22.33)
|
|
Asian American
|
33
|
72.68 (25.15)
|
2.37 (0.60)
|
39.77 (23.24)
|
|
Japanese
|
91
|
73.36 (22.78)
|
2.53 (0.64)
|
43.98 (22.02)
|
|
Indian
|
160
|
82.71 (17.97)
|
2.87 (0.74)
|
49.86 (21.60)
|
|
Hispanic American
|
80
|
92.25 (8.85)
|
3.21 (0.64)
|
59.99 (24.64)
|
|
F statistic
|
|
11.89
|
13.10
|
7.06
|
Note that the convention of giving the standard deviations in parentheses after the means saves a great deal of space in a table such as this.
(a) From the information given, do you think that we need to be concerned that a possible lack of Normality in the data will invalidate the conclusions that we might draw using ANOVA to analyze the data? Give reasons for your answer.
(b) Is it reasonable to used a pooled standard deviation for these data? Why or why not?
(c) The ANOVA F statistic was reported as
5.69. Give the degrees of freedom and either an approximate (from a table) or an exact (from software) P-value. Sketch a picture of the F distribution that illustrates the P-value. What do you conclude?
(d) Without doing any additional formal analysis, describe the pattern in the means that appears to be responsible for your conclusion in part
(c) Are there pairs of means that are quite similar?