Part A-
Question 1: __________ is the term for the division of jobs into categories with distinct working conditions, which contributes to women having separate and unequal jobs.
Labor market segmentation
Gender fragmentation
Genderization
Sexual differentiation
Question 2: __________ is how a person perceives and feels about his or her body; it also includes an awareness of social conditions in society that contribute to this self-knowledge.
Body consciousness
Gender role
Sexual identity
Gender identity
Question 3: At birth, male and female infants are distinguished by __________, the genitalia used in the reproductive process.
primary sex characteristics
cultural tendencies
tertiary sex characteristics
secondary sex characteristics
Question 4: Most cross-dressers are __________.
lesbian women
heterosexual women
heterosexual men
gay men
Question 5: In __________ societies, a steady source of food becomes available. People grow their own food using simple hand tools, such as the digging stick and the hoe.
horticultural
pastoral
industrial
Agrarian
Question 6: Gender refers to the socially and socially constructed differences between males and females.
True
False
Question 7: According to Marx and Engels,__________________________.
monogamous marriage is the creation of the capitalist class
women's reproductive power made them superior to men
male workers needed to organize to protect their economic interests from women
there is no relationship between gender and class
Question 8: __________ refers to the attitudes, behavior, and activities that are socially defined as appropriate for each sex and are learned through the socialization process.
Sexual identity
Gender role
Gender identity
Sexual role
Question 9: Which of these would the subject of a macrolevel analysis of gender?
how a mother discusses menstruation with her daughter
how gender is embedded in language
how two female best friends talk to each other
the messages a father gives his son about being a man
Question 10: The most prevalent form of polygamy is __________.
endogamy
polygyny
homogamy
polyandry
Question 11: With the advent of industrialization and urbanization, maintaining the __________ family pattern becomes more difficult. Increasingly, young people move from rural to urban areas in search of employment in the industrializing sector of the economy. At that time, the __________ family typically becomes the predominant family pattern in the society.
extended; nuclear
nuclear; extended
nuclear; conventional
blended; extended
Question 12: The __________ refers to family units that are composed of various relatives, in addition to parents and children, who live in the same household.
conventional family
blended family
nuclear family
extended family
Question 13: Through a pattern of marriage, divorce, and remarriage, some people practice __________-a succession of marriages in which a person has several spouses over a lifetime but is legally married to only one person at a time.
sequential coupling
serial monogamy
polygamy
marriage seriation
Question 14: Most people who get divorced also get remarried.
True
False
Question 15: According to some marriage and family analysts, individuals who prefer to remain single typically_________________.
are less family oriented
hold less individualistic values
do not like children
value work and professional growth
Question 16: Although their perspectives are very different, functionalists and conflict theorists would likely agree that_____________.
families socialize children to be productive members of society
the family is the source of emotional support
a person's social status, particularly ascribed status, is determined by the family
most families are extremely dysfunctional
Question 17: The National Health and Social Life Survey conducted by the National Opinion Research Center at the University of Chicago has replaced the Kinsey Report as the respected source of information on American sexual behavior. Which of these is not a finding of the survey reported in the text?
Only 2.8 percent of the men and 1.4 percent of the women in this investigation identified themselves as gay or lesbian.
Persons in sustained relationships such as marriage or cohabitation found sexual activity to be the most satisfying emotionally and physically.
Nine percent of the men said they had at least one homosexual encounter resulting in orgasm.
Overall Americans seem to be challenging what were previously considered significant dominant sexual ideologies.
Question 18: There is ample evidence that girls' increased educational achievement has come at the expense of boys.
True
False
Question 19: The term __________ refers to an unsubstantiated belief or prediction resulting in behavior that makes the originally false belief come true.
self-fulfilling prophecy
fallacy of reasoning
learning disability
defeating perception
Question 20: Ethnic and class differences are significant in dropout rates. For example, with a dropout rate of 13 percent, __________ have the highest dropout rate of any racial/ethnic group in U.S. schools.
Native Americans
non-Hispanic Whites
African Americans
Latinos/as (Hispanics)
Question 21: Schools for __________ are more likely to emphasize engaging in creative activities, building analytical and critical thinking skills, and applying one's own ideas to solve problems.
middle-class students
lower-income students
developmentally challenged students
affluent students
Question 22: Civil religion in the United States is not necessarily the same thing as Christianity.
True
False
Question 23: __________ is the process whereby a person is identified by others as possessing a specific characteristic or exhibiting a certain pattern of behavior (such as being deviant).
Stereotyping
Stigmatizing
Prophecizing
Labeling
Question 24: __________ is the process by which religious beliefs, practices, and institutions lose their significance within different sectors of society and culture.
Sacreligion
Detheification
Religious reductionism
Secularization
Question 25: Religions give moral direction and teach the principles of right and wrong. This is a way that religion fulfills the function of __________.
relieving the individual of responsibility for decision making
promoting social cohesion and a sense of belonging
giving meaning and purpose to life
maintaining social control and support for the government
Part B-
1. The perspective developed by Erving Goffman that compares everyday life to a theatrical presentation is called __________.
presentational analysis
dramaturgical analysis
impression management
ethnomethodology
Question 2: __________, or presentation of self, refers to people's efforts to present themselves to others in ways that are most favorable to their own interests or image.
Presentational analysis
Dramaturgical presentation
Impression management
Ethnomethodological introduction
Question 3: Recent research indicates that female student-athletes have their own ways of dealing with the "female/athlete paradox," which is an example of __________.
role expectation
role conflict
role strain
status symbol
Question 4: For any particular status, __________ refers to how a person actually behaves within her role.
role performance
role expectation
symbolic performance
status expectation
Question 5: Exiting a role is more difficult for some roles than for others.
True
False
Question 6: According to Durkheim, social solidarity in industrialized societies is sustained by________________________.
commonly held values and beliefs
the power of the elite to create social control
mutual dependence established through the division of labor
networks of family and friends
Question 7: Which of these is not true about postindustrial society?
there has been an information explosion
most people work in service or information-related occupations
knowledge becomes a commodity
mechanized production of goods within the society
Question 8: Ferdinand T?nnies used the term __________ for a large, urban society in which social bonds are based on impersonal and specialized relationships, with little long-term commitment to the group and little consensus on values.
bourgeoise
gemeinschaft
gesellschaft
verstehen
Question 9: A college president need not be effective in designing promotional brochures. A corporate executive need not be able to program the department's computer system. These examples illustrate __________ in a bureaucratic organization.
hierarchy of authority
division of labor
impersonality
goal displacement
Question 10: __________ leadership provides emotional support for members.
Expressive
Instrumental
Relational
Transitional
Question 11: The least amount of interaction between members occurs in a __________.
category
aggregate
social group
formal organization
Question 12: __________ leadership is most appropriate when the group's purpose is to complete a task or reach a particular goal.
Relational
Transitional
Instrumental
Expressive
Question 13: In his study of conformity, Solomon Asch found that __________.
subjects stood by their own answers and were not influenced by the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants
subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants over one half (50 percent) of the time
subjects always chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants
subjects chose to conform to the incorrect responses of Asch's assistants about one third (33 percent) of the time
Question 14: From a __________ perspective, if groups exist to meet the instrumental and expressive needs of their members, then leaders are responsible for helping the group meet those needs.
functionalist
conflict
premodern
symbolic interactionist
Question 15: A(n) __________ is a collection of two or more people who interact frequently with one another, share a sense of belonging, and have a feeling of interdependence.
secondary group
social group
aggregate
category
Question 16: Sociologists are in agreement that virtual communities-that is online communities of various types-fit the sociological definition of a community.
True
False
Question 17: People who are labeled deviant are generally regarded as deviant by all those around them.
True
False
Question 18: The United States has 5 percent of the world's population and accounts for __________ of the world's prison population.
2 percent
5 percent
25 percent
15 percent
Question 19: The term __________ refers to illegal or unethical acts involving the use of power by government officials, or illegal/unethical acts perpetrated against the government in efforts to usurp power.
political crime
index crime
corporate crime
occupational crime
Question 20: __________ crimes are often referred to as "victimless crimes" because they involve a willing exchange of illegal goods or services among adults.
Property
Organized
Violent
Public order
Question 21: According to Merton's strain theory, __________ occurs when people accept culturally approved goals and pursue them through approved means.
rejection
conformity
innovation
rebellion
Question 22: In contemporary societies, the primary mechanism of external social control is __________.
the criminal justice system
parents
the schools
the church
Question 23: A __________ is a minor crime that is typically punishable by less than one year in jail.
misdemeanor
civil infraction
felony
tort
Question 24: According to Merton's __________ theory, people feel tension when they are exposed to cultural goals that they are unable to obtain because they do not have access to culturally approved means of achieving those goals.
conflict
developmental
opportunity
strain
Question 25: Differential association explains________________________________.
why some people who are heavily exposed to others who break the law still adhere to conventional behavior
how one may be socialized into deviance
why deviance is less likely to occur when one has long-term intense relationships with those who violate the law
the role of loosely connected groups in learning deviance
Part C-
Question 1: __________ theorists view education as the "elevator" to social mobility. They see education as providing all students with opportunities, and they argue that students' abilities are now more important than their class, race, or gender in determining success.
Conflict
Functionalist
Postmodern
Symbolic interactionist
Question 2: __________ poverty refers to the condition in which people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities of life.
Absolute
Official
Relative
Subjective
Question 3: Skilled blue-collar workers, which include electricians, plumbers, and carpenters, and unskilled blue-collar workers which include janitors and gardeners, are all members of the __________, according to the Marxian model of class.
working
capitalist
small-business
managerial
Question 4: Workers have not overthrown capitalism as Marx had predicted because __________.
individual capitalists still own and control factories and other means of production
many workers have experienced a rising standard of living
fewer people are engaged in the economy
workers have lost legal protections in the form of rights and benefits
Question 5: Weber used the term __________ for the category of wealthy individuals who live off their investments and do not have to work.
entrepreneurs
rentiers
consumers
independents
Question 6: The term pink-collar refers to_____________________________.
women in working-class positions, including machine operators and factory workers
women workers, regardless of their type of profession or occupation
semiskilled positions that are low paying, are not manual labor, and are primarily held by women
For many of the working poor, medical insurance is out of the question.
Question 6: In 2010, approximately __________ of people in the United States were without health insurance coverage.
7 percent
25 percent
1 percent
16 percent
Question 8: Of the richest 20 people in the world, how many are women?
8
6
3
4
Question 9: The average life expectancy at birth of people in low-HDI countries is about __________ years less than that of people in very-high-HDI nations.
57
15
20
23
Question 10: The income gap between the richest and the poorest 20 percent of the world population_______________________.
continues to widen
has significantly decreased
is beginning to decline
is wider in the United States than in most other countries of the world
Question 11: The World Bank has defined __________ as living on less than $1.25 a day.
relative poverty
absolute poverty
subjective poverty
standard poverty
Question 12: After several decades of development programs sponsored by the World Bank and the United Nations, global poverty __________.
continued to increase
has been virtually eliminated
remained essentially at the same levels
has decreased considerably within countries
Question 13: The __________, named after a U.S. Secretary of State, provided massive sums of money in direct aid and loans to rebuild the European economic base destroyed during World War II.
Albright Plan
Marshall Plan
Baker Plan
Southern Plan
Question 14: Within the "Three Worlds" approach, __________ refers to rich, industrialized nations that primarily had capitalist economic systems and democratic political systems.
First World nations
Fourth World nations
Second World nations
Third World nations
Question 15: Countries in the __________ have little or no industrialization and the lowest standards of living, shortest life expectancies, and highest rates of mortality.
Fourth World
Second World
Third World
First World
Question 16: The movement of jobs and economic resources from one nation to another is termed __________.
deskilling
south-to-south migration
divestment
capital flight
Question 17: The sociological term for a group of people distinguished by others or by themselves, primarily on the basis of cultural characteristics or national origin, is __________.
ethnic group
folk group
race
tribal group
Question 18: In San Jose, California, managers of Denny's restaurants were instructed to implement policies designed to limit or discourage African American patronage. Applying the typology of Joe Feagin, these policies are an example of __________ discrimination
small-group
indirect institutionalized
Isolate
direct institutionalized
Question 19: The "Trail of Tears" was an intentional act of __________.
assimilation
forced migration
Genocide
Pluralism
Question 20: Two players on a professional sports team are best friends; it so happens that one player is white and the other is African American. According to sociologist Robert Merton's typology of prejudice and discrimination, these players are __________.
unprejudiced nondiscriminators
unprejudiced discriminators
prejudiced discriminators
prejudiced nondiscriminators
Question 21: The term __________ refers to the deliberate, systematic killing of an entire people or nation.
Genocide
prejudice
discrimination
racism
Question 22: A restaurant owner in the 1950s does not feel negatively toward African Americans but refuses to serve them in his restaurant because he fears that doing so would offend customers. According to Robert Merton's typology, the restaurant owner is a(n) _____.
prejudiced nondiscriminator
unprejudiced nondiscriminatory
prejudiced discriminator
unprejudiced discriminator
Question 23: A(n) __________ is a person or group that becomes an object of aggression and is incapable of offering resistance to the hostility or aggression of others.
minority
ethnocentric
stereotype
scapegoat
Question 24: Special education classes were originally intended to provide extra educational opportunities for children with various types of disabilities. However, critics claim that these programs have amounted to racial segregation in many school districts. Using the categories created by Feagin, these policies illustrate __________ discrimination.
small-group
isolate
direct institutionalized
indirect institutionalized
Question 25: Prior to the Civil Rights Act, Jim Crow laws in the U.S. South mandated the systematic physical and social separation of whites and African Americans in all areas of public life. This is an example of __________.
de facto segregation
de faccia segregation
de jure segregation
miscegenation