1. Explain why proteins are normally found(above trace amounts) in urine. What could cause proteinuria? Also, explain why glucose is normally found (above trace amounts) in urine. What must happens to produce glycosuria?
2. Proteinuria and the presence of numerous casts in the urine sediment are often accompanied by edema. What is the relationship between these symptoms?
3. What is the significance of the glomerular filtration rate(GFR measurement? Describe two ways that this measurement may be obtained.
4. Suppose substance "A" is reabsorbed about 30%, whereas substance "B" is secreted about 30%. Explain how their renal plasma clearance values related to each other and to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR).
5. Define the term hypoventilation, explaining its relationship to the carbon dioxide concentration of the blood plasma. Explain why a person could have a much lower total minute volume at rest than another person, without hypoventilating.
6. If it required 7 drops of silver nitrate in procedure step 4d to turn the urine sample color from yellow to amber, what is the chloride concentration, expressed in mEq/L units, of the urine.
7. Suppose a substance has the following values for the determination of renal plasma clearance: V=3.5 mL/min; P=0.80mg/dL; U=125 mg/dL. Calculate the renal plasma clearance of this substance, and state how the substance is handled (in terms of filtraton, reasorption, and/or secretion) by the kidneys.