Explain equation for Change Interval
y = t + v / 2a + 64.4G
Where:  y = length of yellow interval (sec)
    t = driver perception/reaction time (1.0 sec generally used)
    v = velocity of approaching vehicle (fps)
    a = deceleration rate (10 fps2 generally used) 
    G = grade of approach (percent/100)   
                         If G is positive percent or upgrade, use '+' symbol 
                         If G is negative percent or downhill, use '-' symbol