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Effects of Infant Characteristics on Attachment
As we discussed in Chapter 3 "Biological Foundations," some babies are more difficult to care for than others. Could this affect the quality of their attachment? Some researchers have found a link between infants' temperament characteristics and attachment relationships. Irritable newborns who have trouble orienting to people have been found in some studies to be more likely to develop insecure attachments (Spangler & Grossmann, 1993; Susman-Stillman et al., 1996). However, with the exception of a well-established association between difficult temperament and insecure-resistant attachments specifically, many studies do not document this link (Vaughn & Bost, 2016). Indeed, a recent meta-analysis of the large (N = 11,440) literature on attachment insecurity and difficult temperament in early childhood revealed a trivially small association between these variables, equivalent to a correlation of only .07 (Groh et al., 2017). Similarly, evidence from behavior-genetic twin studies (Fearon et al., 2006; Roisman & Fraley, 2008) and molecular-genetic studies (Luijk et al., 2011; Roisman et al., 2013) provide scant evidence for additive genetic contributions to infant attachment. It seems that if infant temperament does affect development of attachment, other factors moderate its influence. A difficult infant isn't necessarily destined to have a poor relationship with the mother. Need Assignment Help?