Response to the following multiple choice questions:
1. Studies have shown that UV radiation rapidly depletes ______, which plays a crucial role in neural tube development of the embryo.
carotene
vitamin C
melanin
folate
melanocytes
2. According to lecture, thus far, the oldest skeletal evidence for anatomically modern Homo sapiens could be as old as:
125,000 years
1.8 million years
400,000 years
600,000 years
195,000 years
3. This tool is an example of a __________ tool using ________. They are found with increased frequency during the ______.
compound; microliths; neolithic
integrated; microliths; mesolithic
compound; burian; neolithic
composite; microliths; mesolithic
composite; mousterian flakes; mesolithic
4. A person raised in the Andean highlands has relatively larger lung volume than does a person raised in the lowlands. This difference is best explained by:
Physical adaptation
Physiological adaptation
Hormonal adaptation
Developmental acclimatization
Genetic acclimatization
5. Which of the following are basic changes that mark the transition from Neolithic village life to life in the first urban centers? Choose all that apply:
diversification of food resources.
agricultural innovation.
diversification of labor.
central government.
social stratification.
6. Which of the following are seen in the pattern of human evolution history? Choose all that apply.
Natural selection acting on anatomically modern Homo sapiens within the last 10,000 years
Evidence of an adaptive shift starting around 1.8 mya relating to changes in body size, subsistence patterns, and technology changes
A shift from extractive foraging to food production starting about 40,000 years ago
Several groups of hominins that are not directly in the modern human lineage (our evolutionary cousins)
Evolution of increased brain size then bipedal locomotion
7. As discussed in class, genetic adaptations to environmental stresses are
seen only in nonhuman animals
long term microevolutionary changes within a population
always temporary
short-term evolutionary changes within an individual
the same as acclimatization responses
8. Molecular information from Ust'-Ishim Man, an anatomically modern Homo sapiensfossil dated to 45,000 years ago shows about _________% admixture with Neandertals.
10
50
2
20
0
9. Nonconcordant variation means:
traits vary between populations at the same rate
the presence of one trait can predict another
traits vary gradually between neighboring populations
traits vary between populations in a predictable pattern
traits vary between populations, but not at the same rate
10. Primary innovation differs from secondary innovation because:
it involves modification of primary knowledge
it involves careful experimentation to create a new technique
it involves chance discovery of a new idea
it rarely leads to changes in technology
11. Lactase persistence is a _________ that typifies __________ communities.
developmental adaptation; foraging
developmental acclimatization; pastoralist
genetic adaptation; pastoralist
genetic adaptation; agricultural
genetic adaptation; foraging
12. In regards to hominin tool kits, a blade is defined as being:
made only out of obsidian
twice as wide as it is long
a tool that takes fewer steps to make than a flake tool
twice as long as it is wide
a tool that occurs in high frequency during the middle paleolithic
13. Which is a term applied to an evolutionary process whereby humans modify, either intentionally or unintentionally, the genetic makeup of a population of plants or animals?
Transition
Revolution
Conversion
Modification
Domestication
14. Many characteristics that have traditionally been used to define 'races' in human populations:
are polygenic.
are the product of Mendelian inheritance.
do not vary within groups.
can easily be altered
easily draw distinct boundaries between populations.
15. Admixture is a term used by population geneticists to indicate:
the exchange of genetic information between different species
population separation due to behavioral boundaries
population separation due to geographic boundaries
the exchange of cultural information between populations that have been separated for a long time
the exchange of genetic information between populations that have been separated for a long time
16. What is the benefit of an atlatl?
It is used for fishing.
It can be used as a drill
It is used for starting fires.
It is used to increase the force and distance of a spear throw.
It is a unique type of projectile point
17. Bergmann's rule
is based on the principle that heat is retained at the body surface
states that a linear body with long arms and legs is optimal for cold climates
states that bodies with increased mass or volume to surface area are optimal for cold climates
is based upon the principle that as arms increase in length, there is a corresponding increase in surface area
concerns the relationship between climate and shape and size of appendages
18. According to the complete replacement model, the transition from premodern to modern Homo sapiens
only occurred once, in Africa
began about 200,000 years ago in Asia
occurred first in Europe
occurred in several regions of the Old World simultaneously
began about 10,000 years ago in Indonesia
19. Which of the following is NOT a physiological acclimatization to thermal stress:
vasodilatation
vasoconstriction
sweating
increased hemoglobin production
shivering
20. According to the Regional Continuity Model, ________ prevented local populations of pre-modern Homo sapiens from becoming separate species.
gene flow
displacement by African Homo sapiens
genetic drift
founder's effect
mitochondrial DNA
21. Ultraviolet radiation from the sun:
stimulates the production of a vitamin D precursor
causes mutations leading to darker skin
increases in northern latitudes
provides vitamin D
causes rickets
22. The word civilization connotes refinement and progress, but in anthropology, the term refers to
central inhabited cities where transportation and communication hubs exist.
societies in which large numbers of people live in political systems that lack stratification.
societies in which small numbers of people live in socially stratified political systems.
the independence of people to do what they desire.
societies in which large numbers of people live in socially stratified political systems.
23. The distribution pattern of Neandertal DNA in the Ust'-Ishim Man sample as compared to its distribution pattern in modern humans relates to:
crossover (recombination) during mitosis
there was no Neandertal DNA in Ust'-Ishim Man
sexual selection
the principle of independent assortment
crossover (recombination) during meiosis
24. The potato, tomato, and peanut were all first domesticated in
North America
South America
Europe
Africa
Southwest Asia
25. Who were the earliest Mesolithic people known to have stored plant food, as evidenced by basin-shaped depressions in the rocks found outside homes and plastered storage pits beneath the floors of the houses?
Cro-magnon
Babylonians
Natufians
Denisovans
Neandertals
26. Based on the distribution of human genetic variation, if a global disaster killed everyone on the planet except those people living in Asia, ______% of human genetic variation would still be represented.
90
85
15
5
10
27. Biological systems are balanced systems maintained by the interaction of physiological mechanisms that compensate for both external and internal changes. Such a balanced system is in
heterostasis
homeostasis
acclimatization
hypoxia
polystasis
28. Blombos Cave is significant for accomplishments in art and technology that date to the ________________ but are similar to accomplishments dated to the __________________ in Europe.
Middle Paleolithic, Lower Paleolithic
Upper Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic
Lower Paleolithic, Middle Paleolithic
Middle Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic
29. The question of whether modern humans and Neandertals interbred at some point
was settled about twenty years ago
was never an issue among paleoanthropologists
is far from settled
is established based on genetic evidence.
was called into question with the discoveries at Zhoukoudian
30. All of the following are characteristics commonly associated with domesticated plants except:
development of simultaneous ripening
reduction of seed protective devices, such as husks
increased size
increase in natural seed dispersal mechanisms
loss of delayed seed germination
31. The first hominin to spread to North and South America was______.
Homo erectus
Homo heidelbergensis
Homo sapiens
Neandertal
Homo habilis
32. Which of the following best describes accelerated breathing for a non-native at high altitude?
Physical adaptation
Genetic adaptation
Hormonal adaptation
Developmental acclimatization
Physiological acclimatization
33. Hypoxia
is the increased availability of oxygen
is the reduced availability of oxygen
is a problem for people living at sea level
occurs at higher altitudes because the atmosphere contains less oxygen than at sea level
exerts no stress on humans
34. A polytypic species
is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of one or more traits
is one that has very little phenotypic variability
is one composed of local populations that differ from one another with regard to the expression of no more than three traits
is composed of narrowly dispersed populations
has never been observed in nature
35. Scholars attribute the earliest form of writing to__________.
health records for each of its citizens
recordkeeping of state affairs of economic activity
records of warfare accomplishments and titles
Preserving a written form of story-telling and a collection of cultural myths
codification of formal law for judiciary purposes
36. The application of evolutionary principles to the study of human variation
allowed scientists to ignore the adaptive significance of most traits
reinforced traditional views of races as fixed biological entities that do not change
allowed scientists to divide the human species precisely into well-defined races
helped replace earlier views based solely on observed phenotypes
has been of little value for understanding human variation
37. Indigenous Tibetan populations have a genetic adaptation to high altitude that:
increases production of hemoglobin
suppresses vasodilatation for oxygen delivery
suppresses the typical hypoxia response
increases the risk of pregnancy difficulties due to vascular supply issues
increases the typical developmental acclimatization response to high altitude
38. Upper Paleolithic toolkits are characterized by all except:
bone tools
blades
regional specializations
bronze tools
burins
39. The Skhûl site is in ____________. One important aspect of this region in regards to Late Pleistocene hominin evolution is _____________.
France, contemporaneous occupation by H. erectus and anatomically modern H. sapiens.
East Africa, contemporaneous occupation by Neandertals and anatomically modern H. sapiens.
Israel, contemporaneous occupation by Neandertals and anatomically modern H. sapiens.
France, contemporaneous occupation by Neandertals and anatomically modern H. sapiens.
Israel, contemporaneous occupation by H. erectus and anatomically modern H. sapiens.
40. Which statement is NOT true about clinal variation:
traits with clinal variation have clearly defined geographic boarders
it explains similarities between neighboring populations
traits with clinal variation differ gradually between neighboring populations
human skin color is a trait with clinal variation
clinal variation refutes typological classifications of modern humans
41. Match the description/definition with the site/subsistence practice
Located in East Africa and dated to 160,000-154,000 ya; cranial remains with modern human traits; includes remains of a child
Located in South Africa and dated to 165,000 ya; evidence of microliths
cultivation of crops; uses simple hand tools
Located in East Africa and dated to 196,000-104,000 ya; cranial framents with features identified as modern human
Located in Central Africa and dated to 80,000 ya; hooks for fishing are found here
farming that involves large plots of land and/or extensive irrigation
Located in Southwest Asia and dated to ~110,000 ya; cranial remains considered to be modern human but have some Neandertal features;
42. One of the effects of larger population sizes during the Neolithic is:
increase in subsistence variety
increase tooth wear
increase in infectious disease
decrease in craft specialization
decrease innovation in farming techniques
43. Based on the genetic adaptations that have been found in modern human populations that have differing amounts of starch in their diet, what would you expect to find in a foraging population that utilizes taro roots and yams?
A majority of people will have at least 6 copies of the amylase gene in their genome
A majority of people will have only 3 copies of the amylase gene in their genome
There have been no genetic adaptations found to be associated with increased frequency of starch in the diet
A majority of people will have at least 6 copies of the lactase persistence gene in their genome
Older individuals will have more copies of the amylase gene than do younger individuals
44. Consider a hypothetical human population with limited access to medical care. Which of the following diseases is likely to be affected by natural selection? Choose all that apply.
a heritable disease that kills affected individuals by the age of 10
a disease caused by environmental factors that kills some individuals by the age of 55. Some individuals have immunity to the effects of the disease.
a disease caused by environmental factors that kills some individuals by the age of 10. Some individuals have immunity to the effects of the disease.
a heritable disease that kills affected individuals by the age of 55