1. Discuss how the paper on impact of Vioxx established the causal link between the medication and mortality. In particular, what steps did the paper take to check for the counterfactual argument that patients who had died would not have died if they had not taken Vioxx.
2. Besides association between two events, what else needs to be verified before it can be inferred that one of the variables is causing the occurrence of the other?
3. What is precision medicine? Can it be done using non-genetic information?