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Q: A boiler used to generate saturated steam is in the form of an un-finned, cross-flow heat exchanger, with water flowing through the tubes and a high-temperature gas in cross flow over the tubes. The gas, which has a specific heat of 1120 J/kg · K and a mass flow rate of 10 kg/s, enters the heat exchanger at 1400 K. The water, which has a flow rate of 3 kg/s, enters as saturated liquid at 450 K and leaves as saturated vapor at the same temperature. If the overall heat transfer coefficient is 50 W/m2 · K and there are 500 tubes, each of 0.025-m diameters what is the required tube length?