Complete the mcq:
Introduction to the Study of Diversity in Organizations
1. The term "ethnicity" refers to
A. differences between Hispanics and Asians.
B. a shared national origin or cultural heritage among people.
C. biological differences identifiable by scientists.
D. race
E. All of the above.
2. According to the text, which of the following statements is true of the demographicmakeup of the workforce?
A. Blacks are about 25% of the workforce.
B. Whites are about 50% of the workforce.
C. Whites are about 75% of the workforce.
D. Whites are about 90% of the workforce.
E. The representation of Hispanics in the workforce is declining.
3. Among the costs associated with doing a poor job of integrating workers from variousbackgrounds is
A. exit interviews.
B. lost productivity while positions are unfilled.
C. recruiting costs.
D. A, B, and C above.
E. A and C only above.
4. Which of the following are some of the potential negative outcomes that may beconsequences of increased diversity?
A. Dysfunctional communication processes.
B. Harassment.
C. Perceptions that non-traditional workers are unqualified.
D. Lowered attachment, commitment, and satisfaction.
E. All of the above.
5. Individual benefits of working and learning in diverse environments documented byresearchers include
A. being able to take the perspective of others.
B. higher grades for students.
C. seeing diversity as being divisive, but beneficial nonetheless.
D. greater attachment to members of one's own groups.
E. All of the above.
6. Which of the following is accurate of the stereotype of Asian Americans as being the"model minority"?
A. Some jobs held by Asians contradict the stereotype of Asians as successful and high earners
B. Asians are sometimes perceived as the "model minority" while at the same time they experience the glass ceiling and other forms of discrimination.
C. Some Asian entrepreneurs are self-employed because of a lack of opportunities in formal organizations.
D. A and C only above.
E. A, B, and C above.
7. In terms of attracting and retaining employees from various backgrounds,
A. organizations that discriminate may have higher compensation costs because of drawing from a larger pool of workers.
B. if an organization develops a reputation for valuing only a subset of workers, those preferred workers will tell their friends who are similar, thus increasing the overall numbers of potential applicants and workers.
C. recruitment advertisements featuring heterogeneous workers have no effect on minorities' desire to work for organizations.
D. if an organization develops a reputation for valuing all types of workers, this will increase the organization's ability to compete in tight labor markets.
E. All of the above are true.
8. Which of the following is not true of group membership categories?
A. White men have no reason to be concerned about diversity issues.
B. Because White men are more likely to occupy leadership positions than others, they are more likely to have the power to implement organizational level changes.
C. Multiple group memberships make diversity important to everyone.
D. Some categories are immutable, but some may change over one's lifetime.
E. All of the above are true.
9. Which of the following is true about demographic changes around the world?
A. In some European countries and Japan the workforce is shrinking.
B. Developing countries are providing few workers for other countries.
C. More younger workers are being added to the U.S. workforce than in the past.
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above.
10. Research on the "Value in Diversity" perspective found that
A. diversity had a slightly negative impact on organizational functioning.
B. there was little support for the "Value in Diversity" hypothesis.
C. racial diversity was associated with increased sales revenue and more customers.
D. gender diversity was associated with greater relative profits, while racial diversity was not associated with greater relative profits.
10. Strategies to reduce propensities to engage in in-group, out-group categorizations include
A. helping group members work to achieve common goals.
B. increasing competition among group members.
C. encouraging group members to view themselves as two separate groups.
D. encouraging group members to continue automatic stereotyping.
Theories and Thinking About Diversity
11. Social identity is
A. the manner in which organizations can identify members of particular social groups.
B. the part of a person's self-concept that derives from membership in a particular social group and the value and emotional significance attached to that group membership.
C. decreasingly important in today's diverse society.
D. dissimilar from Dworkin and Dworkin's conceptualization of group awareness.
12. Which of the following is true of the media and diversity issues?
A. Although Whites commit a greater proportion of drug-related crimes, Blacks and Hispanics are more likely to be shown on television being arrested for such crimes.
B. Most crime is intra-racial, but news reports are more likely to portray Black on White crime.
C. Use of divisive or misleading terminology by the media causes resistance to diversity.
D. All of the above.
E. A and B only above.
13. Which of the following is not true of age and diversity at work?
A. Older workers are more likely to occupy high-status organizational positions than younger workers.
B. At times younger workers are preferred over older workers.
C. At times younger workers are viewed as irresponsible and not dependable.
D. Older workers are clearly the dominant group in all contexts.
E. All of the above are true.
14. The fundamental attribution error
A. advantages non-dominant group members while disadvantaging dominant group members.
B. is the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when evaluating behaviors of others.
C. is the tendency to underestimate the influence of internal factors and overestimate the influence of external factors when evaluating behaviors of oneself.
D. only happens when dominant group members evaluate the behavior of out-group members.
15. Prescriptive stereotyping refers to
A. statements such as women are caring and it is appropriate that they become nurses.
B. statements such as women are nurturing and it is appropriate that they become elementary school teachers.
C. perceptions about how people should behave based on their group memberships.
D. ideas about how people do or will behave based on their group memberships.
16. The Equal Pay Act of 1963
A. has been somewhat successful in reducing wage disparities between whites and minorities.
B. is an amendment to Title VII of the Civil Rights Act.
C. has been limited by sex segregation and exceptions due to merit and seniority.
D. has reduced the wage gap to about 10 cents to the dollar.
E. is not depicted by either A, B, C, or D above.
17. Which of the following is true of discrimination claims and the EEOC?
A. About 500,000 claims are filed with the EEOC annually.
B. Between 50 and 75% of claims filed are resolved in favor of the charging party each year.
C. The EEOC issues guidelines to assist employers in interpreting and complying with laws.
D. The EEOC first litigates, then attempts to conciliate when litigation is unsuccessful.
E. None of the above.
18. Under Title VII
A. employers are required to reasonably accommodate employees' sincerely held religious beliefs or practices.
B. people without religious beliefs are provided no protection from employment-related discrimination.
C. women, but not men, are afforded protection from employment-related discrimination.
D. sex discrimination is prohibited, but not sexual harassment.
19. Which of the following is true of affirmative action programs?
A. Employers are required to have quotas for hiring certain groups.
B. Compared with the passive nature of Title VII, affirmative action means taking active steps to correct or reduce under-utilization of certain groups.
C. In cases of egregious discrimination, judges wholeheartedly and frequently impose quotas on offending organizations.
D. Affirmative action programs are only for minorities.
E. All of the above.
20. Which of the following is true of age discrimination in employment?
A. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act (ADEA) is defined as prohibiting employment-related discrimination against persons who are 50 and older.
B. Age discrimination is of less importance now than in the past due to the millions of aging baby boomers in the United States.
C. Retaliation against those who file claims of discrimination is not illegal.
D. Acting on stereotypes about someone's ability based on his or her age is prohibited under the ADEA.
E. None of the above.
21. Regarding involuntary servitude in the United States:
A. Africans were first sold in the United States around the time Christopher Columbus is credited with discovering America (1492).
B. During the same time that Africans were first sold in the U.S., Whites were also held as indentured servants.
C. Involuntary servitude of Africans and Whites continued at the same rates through 1865.
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above.
22. Differences in Black/White accumulation of wealth are influenced by
A. differences in inheritance.
B. effects of discrimination which limits the ability of Blacks to acquire and thus pass on wealth.
C. disparities in mortgage loan approvals and rates for comparably credit-worthy Blacks and Whites.
D. racial segregation of neighborhoods.
E. All of the above.
23. Which of the following statements about the education and earnings of Blacks/AfricanAmericans is true?
A. Different educational levels between Blacks and Whites do not completely explain the Black/White earnings gap.
B. Earnings and employment differences between Blacks and Whites are due to the lower educational attainment of Blacks.
C. Returns to investments in education are similar across racial and ethnic groups and for women and men.
D. Black women have higher educational levels and earnings than Black men.
24. Which of the following statements about the education, employment, and/or earnings ofBlacks/African Americans is true?
A. The participation rate of Black women is projected to increase by 2018.
B. Blacks with college degrees have similar employment levels and earnings as Whites with college degrees.
C. Because of affirmative action, Blacks with college degrees are more likely to be employed and have higher earnings than Whites with college degrees.
D. Black unemployment is higher than the unemployment of every other racial/ethnic group at the same educational level.
25. In empirical research on access to employment, researchers found that
A. applicants with "Black-sounding" names were three times less likely to be called for interviews than applicants with "Hispanic-sounding" names.
B. applicants with "White-sounding" names were two times more likely to be called for interviews than applicants with "Hispanic-sounding" names.
C. having higher quality resumes did not increase the number of callbacks for Black applicants.
D. having a "White-sounding" name was equivalent to adding a college degree and an MBAto a person's qualifications.
26. In terms of race and ethnicity
A. many Hispanics are White in race, yet Hispanics are included in the "people of color" category.
B. Many Latinos view their race as cultural, variable, and contextual.
C. Confounding of race and ethnicity among Hispanics can create a double jeopardy, in which they experience discrimination based on skincolor as well as ethnicity.
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above.
27. Repatriation of people of Mexican descent between 1929 and 1939
A. included only those living in the U.S. illegally.
B. was part of an effort to free up jobs during the Depression era.
C. was strictly voluntary.
D. provided those being repatriated sufficient time to prepare.
E. A and B only above.
28. Employers may require English-only rules
A. when necessary for communications with customers who only speak English.
B. to satisfy coworkers who do not wish to hear other languages being spoken.
C. to force employees to learn English.
D. when employers wish to monitor employees' conversations while on breaks.
E. All of the above.
29. Which of the following is true of Latinos in the U.S.?
A. Hispanics of Mexican, Central American, and South American origin each comprise about 30% of the U.S. population of Hispanics.
B. Eighty percent of Latinos in the U.S. live in California and Texas.
C. The populations of California and Texas are now about 60% Hispanic.
D. The majority of Hispanics in the U.S. are of Mexican origin.
E. All of the above.
30. In terms of the educational attainment of Latinos,
A. Similar proportions of Blacks and Hispanics have completed high school.
B. Hispanics whose origins are Mexican, Puerto Rican, and Cuban, respectively, have the most to least education.
C. Lower education levels of Cubans, compared with Mexican Americans, contribute to lower wages of Cubans.
D. More Cuban Americans have at least a college degree than Mexican Americans.
31. Which of the following is true of Asian women at work in the U.S.?
A. Asian immigrant women are likely to work in family-owned businesses, computer manufacturing, or the garment industry.
B. They earn more than Asian men in the U.S.
C. They earn more than White women in the U.S. at all educational levels.
D. They are not exposed to the discrimination that usually results from being a double minority.
32. Asian Americans' employment experiences
A. include access and treatment discrimination.
B. include encounters with the glass ceiling.
C. include being steered to jobs deemed appropriate for them.
D. are sometimes shaped by stereotypes and media representations.
E. All of the above.
33. Which of the following is true of Asians?
A. Southeast Asians are more likely to have limited English proficiency than other Asians.
B. Some groups of Asians are more likely to be on public assistance (e.g., welfare) than some other minority group members.
C. Some discrimination against Asians occurs because of perceptions they have been too successful.
D. Perceptions of language barriers impede Asians' progress.
E. All of the above.
34. Regarding the internments of people believed to be a threat to national security duringWorld War II,
A. about 50% of Japanese Americans were ordered to be interned.
B. about 40% of Germans and Italians were ordered to be interned.
C. people who had at least 118th Japanese ancestry were included.
D. the U.S. government has refused to provide reparations (payments) for those who were interned.
E. All of the above.
35. Regarding Asians' earnings
A. large numbers of Asians reside in cities having high costs of living and this reflects Asians earnings relative to other racial groups that are more geographically dispersed.
B. There are more Asians living in poverty than Whites.
C. Asians' high education levels contribute to their freedom from earnings discrimination.
D. All of the above.
E. A and B only above.
Whites/European Americans
36. Which of the following is accurate of Whites/European Americans in the U.S.?
A. Some White ethnic groups faced considerable overt discrimination in the U.S.
B. The English, as later arrivals, were viewed negatively by White immigrants who arrived earlier.
C. White Americans have been underrepresented in books, films, and other depictions of U.S. history, relative to American Indians, Blacks, Latinos, and Asians in the U.S.
D. All of the above.
E. None of the above.
37. As Blacks migrated from the South to the North seeking better jobs and greateropportunities,
A. European ethnic groups viewed Blacks moving north as helpful in the overall economy and non-threatening.
B. Whites in the dominant group became more vocal about their contempt for lower status Whites.
C. White ethnic groups became "insiders," while Blacks became the "other".
D. White ethnics continued in-fighting and paid little attention to the arrival of Blacks.
38. White privilege refers to all of the following except:
A. Earned advantages based on race.
B. Employment advantages based on similarity to key decision makers.
C. The benefit of favorable stereotypes.
D. The benefit of negative stereotypes about potential non-White workers.
E. All of the above.
39. In Goldberg's research on the effects of similarity in race and sex on interviewassessments and offers,
A. White recruiters preferred White applicants and Black recruiters favored Black applicants.
B. male recruiters preferred male applicants and female recruiters preferred female applicants.
C. White recruiters preferred White applicants but Black recruiters did not favor Black applicants.
D. in-group favoritism was clearly and consistently documented.
40. Research on White identity development indicates that
A. Whites' identity development is related to their support for or resistance to measures to increase equity.
B. White identity development has no relationship to diversity in organizations.
C. symbolic White identity development is associated with negative outcomes.
D. All of the above.
E. A and C only above.