True/False questions:
1) Leader of the Korean American community. Worked at YMCA in Korea in 1911. He attended a Methodist Mission conference in Minneapolis. He then went to Hawaii to work at the Korean Methodist Compound. He served as the "president" of the Korean Provisional Government in 1919, Shanghai. Eventually led South Korea → Ahn Chang-ho.
a) True
b) False
2) Limited leaces of agricultural land to three years and barred further land purchased by aliens ineligible for citizenship. It was evaded and not very effective. Set a precedent for "constitutional" land laws → Alien Land Act of 1913.
a) True
b) False
3) 1784 journey that opened a new frontier for Americans. This opened the China trade that fluorished and transformed New York, the nation, and American commercial culture. It initiated direct U.S. involvement with China, eventually influencing immigration. → Empress of China.
a) True
b) False
4) The term "coolie" referred to imported Asian contract laborers, mostly from China and South Asia especially after demand for them increased after 1809 when Britain banned the slave trade throughout its empire. → Contract labor.
a) True
b) False
5) Chico Massacre happened in 1877. A group of armed white men threw oil onto the bodies of Chinese people and burned their cabin in the woods near Chico, CA, killing five people and wounding another. This massacre was part of a series of violent acts against Asians in the late 19th century and is described in shelley's book as "one of the most chilling instances of Anti-Chinese violence" . → Hanapcpc Massacre.
a) True
b) False
6) 1875 - An immigration law that effectively excluded Asian women. This contributed to the "bachelor" stereotype of asian men and strengthened beliefs that asians couldn't assimilate (nuclear family) → Ladd & Co.
a) True
b) False
7) Opium War 1840-42. Treaty of Nanking bolstered the West's power over China, opening five ports to foreign commerce. 1856-1860 2nd Opium War: more concessions - legalization of opium, more indemnities, and ceding of Kowloon. China, reeling from "economic decline and civil conflict" displaced a large number of people and "enlarged the emigrant pool" European imperialism that "opened" China to Western influence, weakened the Chinese economy and encouraged Chinese migration → Opium War.
a) True
b) False
8) Thind was a graduate of Punjab University, immigrated to the US in 1913, served in the US army, and applied for citizenship in 1920. The court held in United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind that Asian Indians were ineligible for naturalization. However, Thind was actually Caucasion (and should have been approved from the Ozawa case). The court made a leap in racial logic to apply the rule of racial ineglibility to citizenship to koreans, Thais, Vietnamese, Indonesians, and other Asians. The only Asians whose status remained unclear were Filipinos. From class - this course case led to the Justice department taking steps to denaturalize Asian Indians who have obtained their citizenship "fraudulently". "Bhagat Singh Thind was an Asian Indian immigrant and applied for citizenship in 1920 under the Naturalization Act of 1906. He was approved but then the case was appealed and denied, and the court reversed its position from the Ozawa Case in order to exclude Asian Indians ineligible for citizenship. The ruling acknowledged that even though Thind could use "racial science" to prove that he was Caucasian, the court ruled that he was not white because the "common man" would not see him as such. This court case led to the Justice Department taking steps to denaturalize Asian Indians who had already fraudulently" obtained their citizenship. This case is important because of its influence on the contemporary construction of whiteness." → Coolie.
a) True
b) False
9) 1878 U.S. court case: The ruling was the Chinese were ineligible for naturalization. Pre-cursor to the Chinese Exclusion Act → In re Ah Yup.
a) True
b) False
10) 1854 California Supreme Court decision: George Hall - a white man charged with murdering a Chinese man - successfully appealed his conviction, citing that no Black, Mulatto, or Indian shall be allowed to give evidence in favor of, or against a White man. cemented asian immigrant's inferior legal status → People v. Hall.
a) True
b) False