Directions: Respond to the following questions using complete sentences. Your answer should be at least 1 paragraph in length, which must be composed of three to five sentences.
1. What practices resulted from a shortage of labor in the American colonies?
2. As superintendent, what innovations did Alexander Maconochie institute at the penal colony of Norfolk Island in 1840?
3. What was Sir Walter Crofton's contribution to the development of parole in the United States?
4. What were the principles first implemented in the Elmira Reformatory?