Saturated liquid ammonia enters a boiler in a refrigeration system at -20.0°C and exits the boiler as a superheated vapor at 100. kPa and 10.0°C in a steady flow, steady state, process.
Using saturated liquid ammonia at 0.00°C as the local environment (ground state), determine the following items on the basis of an ammonia flow rate of 12.0 kg/s:
a. The irreversibility rate of the boiler.
b. The boiler's entrance and exit specific flow availabilities.
c. The boiler's heat input rate.