Discussion:
P-value
• Using a predetermined level of significance, establish critical value(s), then see whether the calculated test statistic falls into a rejection region for seeing whether you can clear it
• Determine the exact level of significance associated with the calculated value of the test statistic. In this case, we're identifying the most extreme critical value that the test statistic would be capable of exceeding. This is equivalent to your jumping as high as you can with no bar in place, then having the judges tell you how high you would have cleared if there had been a crossbar.
Q: For a sample of 12 items from a normally distributed population for which the standard deviation is σ = 17.0, the sample mean is 230.8. At the 0.05 level of significance, test HO:µ ≤ 220 versus H1:µ > 220. Determine and interpret the p-value for the test.