Problem: Please summarize the following text.
Recent research in organizational psychology has drawn from this literature in looking at the effects of situational influences on individual differences constructs that are used in personnel selection. A recent example of the use of an interactional approach to the use of personality constructs in personnel selection is the study by Schmit, Ryan, Stierwalt, and Powell (1995). Schmit et al. conducted two laboratory studies that investigated the effects of a situational manipulation (i.e., frame-of-reference) on personality scale scores and criterion-related validity. In Study 1, both within- and between-groups designs were employed to assess the effects of testing situation (general instructions versus applicant instructions) and item type (work specific vs. noncontextual) on personality scale scores (Neuroticism, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness). Results indicated that a work-related testing context and work-related items led to more positive responses (i.e., lower mean scale scores for Neuroticism and higher mean scale scores for Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Conscientiousness). A second study was designed to examine the implications of these score differences on the criterion-related validity of one of the personality factors. This second study found differences in the predictive validity of several facets of Conscientiousness, depending on frame of reference and instructions. Need Assignment Help?