1.) Define industrial-organizational psychology.
Industrial-organizational psychology, also known as I-O psychology, is a type of psychology that associates both psychological and organizational principles and theories. It applies these principles and theories to the work setting.
2.) Describe how human factors psychology is related to personnel psychology?
Personnel psychology deals with the recruitment and selection of personnel for jobs. It also deals with the job satisfaction and relationships between employees and managers in the job field. Therefore, human factors psychology focuses on behavior, abilities, and limitations of humans on the job. These two are related because personnel psychology uses human factors psychology to ensure individuals are functioning to their highest ability in the job arena. The two go hand in hand.
3.) What does the Stanford-Binet test assess? What were the Army Alpha and Army Beta?
The Stanford-Binet test is a cognitive ability assessment the serves the purpose of measuring intelligence, known as IQ. The Army Alpha and Army Beta are two versions of a cognitive ability test. The Army Alpha test emphasized verbal abilities and the Army Beta test emphasized non-verbal abilities.
4.) What are time and motion studies?
Time and motion studies is a technique that improves business efficiency. The technique combines the Motion study work of Frank and Lillian Gilbreth and the Time Studies of Winslow Taylor. It simplifies complex tasks into simple steps and tries to minimize the space needed to perform the task. This eliminates repetitive motion while measuring¬ the exact time it takes to complete the task.
5.) Compare and contrast individualism versus collectivism. Provide an example of a country that tends to have an individualistic culture. Provide an example of a country that tends to have a collectivistic culture.
Individualism is based off the idea that one's life belongs to himself, and they have the right to do whatever they please. Individualism believes in human rights and pursuing the values of their own choosing. The ideals of this concept are the same that founded the Declaration and the Constitution.
Collectivism differs from individualism in that it does not see each individual as their own, but looks at each human as a part of a group or society. Collectivism believes in sacrificing values and personal beliefs for the benefit of a larger group. It takes away from human rights and autonomy.
The United States is an example of a country with an individualistic culture. China is a country that has a collectivistic culture.
6.) Provide an example of how high power distance might influence the human resource practices of an organization.
In my career at Sebia Electrophoresis we follow a form of high power distance. My boss holds a higher and respected position above me. He dictates and leads my job responsibilities and I am expected to follow the rules. He leads his employees and the organization as a whole. I do not questions his judgements.
7.) Compare and contrast nonexperimental and experimental designs.
Experimental designs can find cause- and -effect relationships, where nonexperimental designs cannot.Also, they are based on a concise hypothesis and seek to determine the validity of it. Experimental has more control in manipulating variables and has the ability to replicate studies. In nonexperimental design, the research design is carried out in a natural setting with no control group and is highly flexible.
8.) What is the difference between positive skew and negative skew?
Positive skew is a distribution measure of the time it takes to make a response. It involves a few very high scores. This distribution has a long tail in the positive direction. On the other hand, a negative skew has unusually low scores and the tail is on the left, in the negative direction.
9.) Which correlation coefficient has a stronger magnitude? - 0.95 or + 0.43
The -0.95 has the strongest magnitude.
10.) Define meta-analysis.
Meta-analysis is a technique that uses both qualitative and quantitative data from several selected studies that are similar in nature for the purpose of creating a primary conclusion that has greater statistical strength.
11.) What is reliability? Describe at least two ways to assess reliability.
Reliability is the extent to which results can be performed consistently with accurate measurements and calculations. Two ways to assess reliability are inter-rater or inter-observer reliability and test-retest reliability.
12.) Describe the two types of criterion-related validity designs.
Predictive validity assesses the ability to predict something that should be able to be predicted. Concurrent validity is the ability to differentiate between groups that should be differentiated between.
13.) According to Campbell, what are the three proximal determinants of performance? Define each.
The three proximal determinants of performance according to Campbell are declarative knowledge, procedural knowledge/skills, and motivation. Declarative knowledge incudes factual knowledge, goals, principles, and self-knowledge. Procedure knowledge includes cognitive and psychomotor skills, as well as physical skills, self-management skills, and interpersonal skills. Motivation involves the persistence and direction of effort, as well as the amount of effort.
14.) How are task performance and organizational citizenship performance different from one another?
Task performance concerns a specific set of obligations that an employee must follow in order to maintain employment as well as compensation. Organizational citizenship performance deals with the voluntary services that an employee performs that are not within the guidelines of the predetermined responsibilities.
15. Performance during a job interview (and the various assessments) might best be described as either typical performance or maximum performance. Which is it? Explain.
During a job interview, performance might best be described as maximum performance since the person being interviewed in most cases will be acting in their best behavior since they are in the "impress" mode. Typical performance has to do with the daily activities.