Question: Which of the following is the fundamental factor for China's failure to achieve Japan's Meiji-style modernization in the late 19th-early 20th century? Question options: a) China had long seen its civilization as superior to others, thus refusing to learn from the West. b) There was strong opposition to modernization from the imperial court. c) China was forced to pay too huge indemnities as a result of defeats in wars with imperialist powers. d) Modern industries were ignored.