A pipeline conveying freshwater to a city has an internal diameter of 1.2m and external diameter of 1.25m. The pipeline is laid across the bed of a river with suitable anchorages at 3 m intervals along its length. The river water depth is 2.0m.
Calculate the upward force on the anchorage when the pipeline is flowing full. Calculate the upward force on the anchorage when the pipeline is empty. Assume density of steel is 7900kg/m3 and that of water is 1000kg/m3