Problem
1. Under what conditions may salt solutions damage concrete without involving chemical attack on the portland cement paste? Which salt solutions commonly occur in natural environments?
2. Briefly explain the causes and control of scaling and D-cracking in concrete. What is the origin of laitance; what is its significance?
The response should include a reference list. Double-space, using Times New Roman 12 pnt font, one-inch margins, and APA style of writing and citations.