Between February 2008 and Summer 2009, the Fed supplemented its open market operations with a greatly expanded program of direct lending (both overnight and short term 28 and 84 day loans) to commercial banks, investment banks, brokerage and primary dealer units of bank holding companies. It also agreed to accept a wider range of short-term securities (instead of accepting only T-Bills) as collateral on these loans and even initiated a program to buy commercial paper from money market funds. Explain why the Fed created all these extraordinary direct lending facilities instead of simply relying on traditional open market purchases of Treasury securities.