Each of the following research studies uses a survey as a method for collecting data. However, not all of the studies are examples of the survey research design. Based on the information provided for each study, indicate (a) whether it is or is not an example of the survey research design, and (b) briefly explain the reason for your answer.
a. Based on a survey of 12,344 U.S. college students and 6,729 Canadian college students, Kuo, Adlaf, Lee, Gliksman, Demers, and Wechsler (2002) report that alcohol use is more common among Canadian than U.S. students, but heavy drinking (five or more drinks in a row for males, four or more for females) is signifi cantly higher among U.S. students than Canadian students.
b. To examine adolescent substance abuse, Li, Pentz, and Chou (2002) surveyed 1,807 middle school students from 57 schools. The results showed that a greater risk of adolescent substance abuse was associated with increasing numbers of parents and friends who were substance abusers. However, friends' use did not affect adolescent substance abuse when parents were nonusers.
c. Wolak, Mitchell, and Finkelhor (2002) used a survey of 1,501 adolescents to examine online relationships. The results showed that 14% reported close.