ATP is created from ADP and Pi in the mitochondria of most cells. this reaction is thermodynamically endergonic. what directly provides the energy for this reaction to occur
a. a hydrogen ion gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
b. cleavage of carbons form glucose
c. transfer of electrons to NADH
d. instability of the cytochrome complexes in the mitochondrial membrane
e. cleavage of pyrophosphate