At this point in the course, you should have completed at least a first draft of your course research paper, in which you used APA convention and style. Use sources from your research paper or other examples to provide both (1) an example of APA in-text citation and (2) a reference list citation for each of the following three (3) sources:
A book.
A print periodical (journal, magazine, newspaper).
A journal article retrieved from an electronic database.
Please number your answers and note that it is not necessary for you to write 200-300 words for this question.
At this point in the course, you should have completed at least a first draft of your course research paper, in which you used APA convention and style. Use sources from your research paper or other examples to provide both (1) an example of APA in-text citation and (2) a reference list citation for each of the following three (3) sources:
Socio-emotional Development
Timothy Hall
Southern Columbia University
Biography
Erik Erikson was born in Frankfurt Germany on June 15, 1902. During Erikson's
School years in Germany he concentrated his studies towards the languages and arts
curriculum. In approximately 1920 Erikson wandered Europe keeping a diary of his experiences. Erikson did not attend college due to the atmosphere that formal schooling
produced. He eventually attended school in Vienna with a focus towards the work of psychologist Sigmund Freud. Erikson eventually came to America in 1933 and settled in Boston Massachusetts. He obtained a position at the prestigious Harvard Medical School and eventually held similar positions at Yale, Berkley, and the Menninger Foundation. Erikson published books Childhood and Society in 1950, Young Man Luther in 1958, Youth: Change and challenges in 1963, Insight and Responsibility in 1964, and Identity: Youth and Crisis in 1968. Erik Erikson died in 1994 at the age of ninety-two.
Introduction
Instructor's today must be able to adapt to different personalities and age groups. The theories of Socio-emotional Development were first realized by Erik Erikson. He revealed that there are eight steps to Psychosocial Development. These are characterized by differing conflicts that each individual must confront and resolve on their own terms. Conflicts arise when the environment places new demands on individuals. There are two ways that a person can confront each crisis. The individual can use either an adaptive or a maladaptive approach. When the crisis is finally resolved it will create changes in the personality. The individual will have gained sufficient strength to deal with the next stages of development. If a conflict cannot find resolution within a particular stage the individual will be confronted with and eventually struggle with it later in life.
Theory
Erik Erikson determined that there are eight stages that humans will go through development during there life. He recognized the notions of the Freudian theory. He also believed that Freud had misjudged human development. Erikson determined that humans develop through their lifespan while Freud believed that human development occurs through their personality by age five. Erickson's eight stages of psychological human development are:
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Integrity vs. Despair
The first stage of Trust vs. Mistrust occurs in the first year of life. Trust is defined as the fundamental sense of one's own trustworthiness such as when an infant cries or when they are hungry. Comfort is developed during the trust stage. If mistrust is predominant during this stage they will experience frustration, become withdrawn, suspicious, and lack self confidence occurs.
The second stage is Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt occurs between the ages of two and three. During this time parents must create a very supportive atmosphere that inspires the development of self-control without the loss of self-esteem. Shame and doubt comes when a child's self-control and independence are insufficiently developed or is suppressed by an overly domineering parent. In this stage a child may encounter certain rules such as, which area of the house the child is allowed to explore.
The third stage is Initiative vs. Guilt occurs between ages four and five. During this stage a child starts to discover what they are going to be. They develop a sense of responsibility, which increases the child's initiative. If the child feels anxious they will eventually experience feeling of guilt. Erikson wrote that most guilt is compensated for by a sense of accomplishment.
Stage four, Industry vs. Inferiority, Occurs between the ages of six and puberty. At this time children want to enter into the large world of knowledge and work. This is where the greatest events in a child's life will begin when they enter into schooling. Children are now exposed to the technology of their society. According to Erikson, children do not only learn in school, but the learning process occurs in their homes, streets, and friend's houses. A child with successful experiences ensures a sense of industry and the feeling of competence and mastery. Failure tends to produce sense of inadequacy and inferiority.
The fifth stage Identity vs. Role Confusion of Erikson's theory has components from the fourth stage. The stage starts with puberty and ending around the age of
eighteen or twenty years old. The fifth stage occurs during adolescence age twelve to eighteen. During this stage the child identity concern reaches its climax. In the fifth stage of Erickson's theory this is the time when adolescence seeks their true selves. During the fifth stage children develop a sense of self in relation with others and to own internal thoughts and desires.
The sixth stage Intimacy vs. Isolation occurs during young adulthood, this stage last from 18 to about 30. It is possible to be intimate with other people if a reasonably well-integrated identity emerges from stage five. The basic conflict is love relationship. The task in this stage is to achieve intimacy, as opposed to remaining in isolation. Intimacy is defined as getting close to others as a friend, lover. By the sixth stage you have a sense of who you are, and you do not need to fear "losing" yourself as an adolescent does.
The seventh stage Genrativity vs. Stagnation occurs during middle adulthood. There is no pin time to this stage but it does include raising children, in our society this is between middle twenties and late fifties. The task at this stage is to cultivate proper balance between generativity and stagnation. If you are successful in this stage you will have the capacity for caring that will serve you through the rest of your life.
The eighth stage and last stage of Eric Erikson's theory occurs during adulthood between the age of sixty-five and death. The eighth stage is Integrity vs. Despair. At this time the person sits back and evaluates their life. You will experience integrity if
the previous stage develops properly. If the other stages do not develop properly then they will feel despair.
Summary
The instructor must realize that of the stages of Erikson's epigenetic theory is implicity present at birth, but unfold according to both an innate scheme and one's up-bringing in a family that expresses the values of a culture. Each stage builds on the preceding stages, and paves the way for subsequent stages. Each stage is characterized by a psychosocial crisis, which is based on physiological development, but also on demands put on the individual by parents and/or society. Ideally, the crisis in each stage should be resolved by the ego in that stage, in order for development to proceed correctly. The outcome of one stage is not permanent, but can be altered by later experiences. Everyone has a mixture of the traits attained at each stage, but personality development is considered successful if the individual has more of the "good" traits than the "bad" traits.