An orthogonal cutting operation is performed using a rake angle of 15°, chip thickness before the cut = 0.012 in, and width of cut = 0.100 in. The chip thickness ratio is measured after the cut to be 0.55. Determine
(a) the chip thickness after the cut,
(b) shear angle,
(c) friction angle,
(d) coefficient of friction, and
(e) shear strain.