"An Analysis of the Study Time-Grade Association," published in Radical Pedagogy in 2002, reported scores on a standardized test for cognitive ability for subgroups of students in an Introductory Psychology course, classified according to how much they studied for the course per week. Standard deviation was 7.74 for scores of students who studied zero hours per week, and 2.82 for scores of students who studied nine or more hours per week.12 What does this suggest about performances of students? Choose one of these:
a. Students who don't study have a higher cognitive ability.
b. Students who don't study have a lower cognitive ability.
c. Students who don't study are more predictable in terms of their cognitive ability.
d. Students who don't study are less predictable in terms of their cognitive ability.