Acute renal failure: Ms. Jones, a 68-year-old female, underwent open-heart surgery to replace several blocked vessels in her heart. On her first day postoperatively, it was noted that she had very little urine output.
1. What is happening to Ms. Jones's kidneys, and why is it causing the observed symptom?
2. What other symptoms and signs might occur?
3. What is causing Ms. Jones's kidney disease?
4. What are possible treatment options, and what is the prognosis?