A student failed to carry out all of the procedural steps when doing this experiment. Would the following procedural variations result in an experimentally determined molarity of NaOH that is too high or low? Briefly Explain.
a. The student did not clean the buret before beginning the titration. After completing the titration, the student noticed that droplets of the titrant were clinging to the inside surface of the barrel.
b. The buret tip was not completely filled with NaOH solution when the titration was begun.
c. The student forgot to add phenolphthalein indicator solution to the KHP solution before doing the titration.