A sociologist examines 6 northern cities that have the same percentage of racial minorities. He is able to rank the cities according to employment opportunities for high-school graduates from the minority groups. He then orders the cities on the basis of truancy among minority high-school students.
a. How many ways is it possible to order 6 cities on the basis of truancy among minority students?
b. If ordering by truancy and by job opportunities are unrelated, how likely is it that truancy will have a perfect reverse ordering to job opportunities?
c. If the truancy ordering is the exact reverse ordering of that for job opportunities, should the sociologist decide that this happened by chance and that there is no relationship between the two?