1 which type of constant multiplier is most appropriate for

Question

1. Which type of constant multiplier is most appropriate for calculating rates?

• 100, 10,000, or 100,000
• 1,3,5,7,10
• Multiples of 5
• Multiples of 100
• A and D are both correct

2. The first three interns you meet feel a lot better since they started taking a commonly prescribed antidepressant. You reluctantly draw the conclusion that internship is associated with depression; this is an example of:

• Deductive reasoning
• Hypothesis testing
• Inductive reasoning
• Interpolation

3. The sum of the squared deviations from the mean, divided by the number of observations minus one is known as the:

• Range
• Median
• Variance
• Standard Deviations

4. A most imposing formula used in medicine dealing with probability of a person having or not having a disease based on test results is:

• Cramer V-value Theorem
• Plasmodium Theory
• Calmette-Guerin Theory
• Bayes Theorem

5. Reasoning which is learned from mathematics including geometry is known as:

• Productive
• Inductive
• Deductive
• None of the above are correct

6. A Type II Error or false negative error is also known as a/an:

• Alpha Error
• Beta Error
• Omega Error
• Delta Error

7. [A / (A + B)] / [C/( C + D)] is the formulas for:

• Absolute Risk
• Relative Risk
• Risk Ratio
• Risk Difference

8. Ten children were weighed prior to the beginning of a nutritional study. The weights are: 81, 79, 92, 112, 76, 126, 80, 75, 68, 78. What is the mean weight?

• 76.8
• 79
• 86.7
• 91

9. The main difference between clinical and classical epidemiology are:

• The time of the investigation
• The place of the investigation
• The population being studied
• A and c are correct
• B and c are correct

10. [A/(A + B)] - [C/ (C + D)] is the formula for:

• Risk Ratio
• Risk Factor
• Attributable Risk
• Risk Difference

11. How many steps are included in the creating of a decision tree?

• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7

12. The three stages of disease in the appropriate order from least to most detectable are:

• Latent, symptomatic, pre-disease
• Symptomatic, latent, pre-disease
• Pre-disease, symptomatic, latent
• Pre-disease, latent, symptomatic

13. Which of the following is not a part of the procedure for investigating a suspected epidemic?

• Name the epidemic
• Establish a diagnosis
• Establish the case definition
• Define time, place and person
• Develop a hypothesis

14. Calculate Attributable Risk using the following data: A=1346, B= 100,000-1346, C=200, D=100,000-200; then select the appropriate answer below:

• 1146/10,000
• 1146/100,000
• 146/10,000
• 146/1000

15. Developing a list of possible candidates for the causes of the disease and obtaining initial evidence that supports one or more of the candidates is known as:

• Research Design
• Hypothesis Testing
• Hypothesis Generating
• Descriptive Research

16. An example of a nominal variable is:

• 1,2,3
• Yes/No
• Male/Female
• Both B and C are correct
• All are correct

17. The definition of the word epidemiology includes:

• The study of determining factors of disease in a population
• A way in which disease, injury and clinical practice are studied
• Neither of the above is correct
• Both a and b are correct

18. A false positive error is also known as __________ and a false negative error is known as _____________.

• Alpha/beta
• Type I/Type II
• Neither is correct
• Both are correct

19. A histogram minus the bars which are replaced by dots which are connected is known as a/an:

• Bar Graph
• Frequency Distribution
• Stem and Leaf Diagram
• Frequency Polygon

20. Please select the appropriate answer for the "mean" based on the following numbers: 2,8,10,21,46,58,31,2,9,141.

• 3.28
• 328.0
• .328
• 32.8

21. Another name for "bias" is:

• Synergism
• Differential Error
• Syndrome
• Error

22. An investigator studying the health effects of omega-3 fatty acids in subjects with arthritis tends to assign enthusiastic participants to the intervention and skeptics to the placebo. The best way to avoid this form of bias is:

• "Intention to treat" analysis
• Random Sampling
• Randomization
• Self-selection
• Statistical Regression

23. Calculate the Attributable Risk using the following data: A= 191, B=99,809, C=8.70, D= 99,991.30; then select the appropriate answer below:

• 182.3/100,000
• 183.2/100,000
• 99,991/100,000
• 191/100,000

24. Of the following numbers please evaluate to arrive at the correct mode: 28, 39, 39,41, 41, 41, 59, 65, 21, 28, 39, 39

• 41
• 59
• 39
• 28

25. The Decision Node:

• Is a point where clinicians await outcomes
• Is a point where clinicians have to make a decision
• Is only related to undesirable outcomes
• Is only related to desirable outcome interpretation

26. Calculate the Odds Ratio (OR) using the following data: A= 191, B= 99,809, C=8.7, D= 99,991.30; then select the correct answer from below:

• 2.000
• 1.952
• 2.195
• 21.95

27. What is an example of tertiary prevention?

• Hospice care
• Occupational therapy after a stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
• Post exposure prophylaxis for rabies
• Treatment for essential hypertension

28. When developing a decision tree, which comes first:

• Chance Node
• Neither A or B are correct
• Decision node
• Doesn't Matter

29. If the cost of preventing a hip fracture is greater than the cost of surgical repair, which of the following is true:

• A preventative strategy still may be indicated
• If a hip fracture occurs, it should be managed non-surgically
• No attempt should be made to prevent hip fracture until a more cost-effective strategy is devised
• The least costly preventative strategy should be chosen

30. A clearly identified group of people who are going to be studied is known as a/an:

• Cohort
• Population
• Neyman Group
• None of the above

31. One way in which a researcher can judge how useful a screening or testing procedure is involves:

• Evaluation of number of correct test results seen
• This cannot be done
• This statement is false except in cohort studies of 200 or more individuals
• Testing conducted in opposite areas of a geographic location

32. The ability of a measurement to be correct on the average is known as:

• Precision
• Accuracy
• Reproducibility
• Reliability

33. A nurse is taking a health history on a sick infant in the local emergency room. She asked how long the child has been throwing up and the mother answers twenty-four hours while the father contradicts her and says the child started throwing up three hours ago. What common pitfall of causal research is this an example of:

• Random Error
• Bias
• Effect Modification
• Interaction

34. If a researcher is operating at a 95% CI, his margin of error is:

• 5%
• 10%
• .5%
• 1%

35. What is the difference between ANOVA and ANCOVA?

• The type of variance
• The type of variable
• The number of variables
• Nothing is different

36. What is the defining difference between a prospective and a retrospective cohort study?

• Time
• Dose
• None of the above
• All of the above

37. A Type I error is also known as a:

• False Positive Error
• False Negative Error
• Alpha Error
• A and C are correct

38. The natural history or stages of a disease are three in number; which of the following is the correct stages in the correct order or occurrence?

• Latent, pre-disease, symptomatic
• Latent, symptomatic, pre-disease
• Symptomatic, pre-disease, latent
• Pre-disease, latent, symptomatic

39. When observing a Gaussian Distribution (or Bell Curve), of one tail is longer and has more observations than the other tail, it is called:

• Kurtosis
• Skewness
• Variance
• Mode

40. A vector of disease may be all of the following except:

• Arthropods
• Insects
• Animals
• Man

41. The delivery of the conceptual product (i.e. baby) that shows any sign of life after being expelled from the mother is known as:

• Postnatal Death
• Live Birth
• Neonatal Death
• Miscarriage

42. An immune system that is deemed normal at birth and suffers no damage from a disease such as HIV is termed a/an:

• Innate immunity
• Herd immunity
• Intact immunity
• Objective immunity

43. When vaccines are used to confer an immunity such as with children it is known as:

• Passive immunity
• Active immunity
• Individual immunity
• Globular immunity

44. When looking at a Gaussian distribution and it appears flattened what is this a characteristic sign of?

• Kurtosis
• Skewness
• Variability
• Mode Dispersion

45. The value of alpha serves as protection against which of the following:

• False negative results
• Inadequate sample size
• Selection bias
• Type I Error
• Type II Error

46. Ten children were weighed prior to the beginning of a nutritional study. The weights are: 81, 79, 92, 112, 76, 126, 80, 75, 68, 78. What is the median?

• 79
• 112
• 80
• 92

47. Which of the following is not a common type of intervention?

• Modification of environment
• Putting a barrier to the infection within the hosts
• Treatment of diagnosed individuals
• Eradication and control of vectors
• Identification of surveillance methods

48. The __________ is used to determine the probability of two things being true.

• Addition Rule
• Independence Rule
• Product Rule
• Subtraction Rule

49. The application of Bayes Theorem to patient care generally results in:

• Greater Sensitivity
• Greater Specificity
• Higher costs
• Improved selection of diagnostic studies

50. An estimate of the amount of risk which is attributed to the risk factor is:

• Odds Ratio
• Absolute Ratio
• Attributable Risk
• Attributable Ratio

51. How many steps are there in the process of testing a null hypothesis for statistical significance?

• 4
• 5
• 6
• 7

52. Evaluation of which of the following potentially preventable causes of disease is most likely to raise ethical concerns:

• Dietary intake
• Genetic susceptibility
• Immunization status
• Smoking history
• Social support network

53. Please select the appropriate answer for the "mean" based on the following numbers: 1,4,9,20,23,27,31,48,56,58.

• 25.7
• 27.0
• 2.70
• 27.7

54. The _________ is used to determine the probability of one thing being true under all possible conditions.

• Addition Rule
• Independence Rule
• Product Rule
• Subtraction Rule

55. The case that introduced the organism into the population is known as:

• Epidemic time curve
• Route of spread
• Primary exposure case
• Index case
• None of the above