1. During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, European thinkers developed new ideas about how the world's people could be classified. Describe their new system and explain how it worked, and compare it with the classificatory systems used in China. (***)
2. Although the revolutions that took place in the late-eighteenth- and early-nineteenth-century Atlantic world shared the ideals of liberty and equality, they were defined in a variety of ways. How did the American, French, Haitian, and Spanish American revolutions understand these concepts, and why? How did each revolution's ideas about liberty and equality influence the social order that emerged afterward? (***)
3. During the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, economic and political developments centered in western Europe required responses in other parts of the world. Compare how Russia, China, and West Africa were affected by changes originating in western Europe, and why each region responded as it did.