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the solar familylet us now take you on a journey across the universe we begin from our planet eqrth it is our home the earth is active
cosmic distancesif we asked you what the distance between delhi and kanyakumari is you would say that it is roughly 3000 km another way of
physical universethe universe is vast the earth we live on appears to be just a speck of dust circling a small star in a remote corner of
rejection of heliocentrismthis happened in the year 1918 when the astronomer harlow shapley 1885-1972 first surveyed the size and shape of
stars in the limelightamong galilees my discoveries with the telescope was his observation that the white nebulous band in the sky
stellar parallaxif the earth were stationary a given line joining point a on the earth a nearby star c and any given distant star
the ptolemaic systemthe theoretical nmdel of the universe given by the greeks had a stationary earth at its centre around which the sun the moon
scientific approach to problem solvingthe scientific method and the features of scientific knowledge described above are in no way restricted
nature of scientific knowledgescience as we have seen is inseparable from the rest of human endeavour in the past few thousand years of
deductive logicdeductive logic may be considered as the opposite of induction here the reasoning is more direct if we know a statement
hypothesisthe next step is to formulate hypothesis a hypothesis is a statement put forward on the basis of reasoning about the things that are
method of sciencewe have seen above that science is an enaeavour to understand nature and to mould it to satisfy human needs in earlier units
science in the post-renaissance period 1540- 1760we have seen above that improved techniques as well as growing trade had led to
the copernican revolutionit was right in the midst of these developments in the fifteenth century that there came the first major break from the
navigation and astronomyas we have said earlier by the edd of the middle ages trade on land and over the seas was being sken up on a big
science and technology during the renaissance this phase in the history of science was one of description and criticism first came
renaissance 1440-1540the renaissance was a revolutionary movement it marked a definite and deliberate break with the past it swept away the
the transformation of medieval economythe new techniques led to greater production in agriculture and therefore a surplus from the needs of
technical developments in feudal societyother innovations used and improved by the europeans were the lenses and the spectacles this gave
medieval sciencewe can record the sum total of the medieval achievement in the natural sciences in a few lines it can
the feudal societythe economic basis of the feudal system was land and the village was its economic unit the feudal economy was dependent on
ship-buildingthe shipbuilding industry in the seventeenth century witnessed far-reaching changes that mainly resulted from imitating european
military technologyimportant changes were introduced in military technology rope and wooden stimps for horsemen were known in india before the
paper manufacturepaper was not used in india until the eleventh century this chinese invention of the first century ad reached india mainly
technical innovations and inventionsmedieval india witnessed considerable improvement and changes in the field of technology while