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blastulation formation of blastula from morula is called as blastulationduring early cleavage the blastomere maintain spherical shape and mulberry
types of cleavage -depending upon the distribution amp amount of yolk cleavage is of following types -1 holoblastic equal
plane of cleavage -each cleavage of the division zygote is marked by a cleavage furrowusually the first cleavage furrow is vertical amp passes
chemical changes during cleavage -1 synthesis of dna occurs2 synthesis of rna rrna is absent mrna amp
laws of cleavage -1 sacs law - according this law during cleavage each blastomere to form similar blastomere new cleavae always take place at the
characterstics of cleavage -in cleavage involve the series of mitotic division so daughter cells are genetically similar to the parental cellthe
introduction -karl von baer - coined the term cleavage swammerdom - first time seen cleavageprevost and dumas - reported cleavage of frogs egg
parthenogenesisthe development of egg to form an animal without fertilization is called as parthnogenesisparthenogenesis was discovered by charles
significance of fertilization -1 in fertilization process number of chromosome are diploid in zygote2 during
errors in fertilization -1 polyspermy - when more than one sperms are fused in an ovum this condition is called
types of fertilization -on the basis of site of fertilization it is of two types - 1 external fertilization 2 internal
introduction -fertilization is a complex process which involves fusion of male amp female gametesthe male gamete in animals is called as sperm amp
difference between spermatogenesis and oogenesis -snospermatogenesisoogenesis1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10it take place in
eggs of eutheriathis egg is small amp round the dimeter of human egg is 01 mmit has very little amount of yolk but they are also as alecithal eggthe
eggs of frogthis egg is round amp its diameter is of 1-2 mmit is mesolecithal amp has distinct animal pole amp vegital polethe nucleus is found in
eggs of insectthis eggs is centrolecithal and it is elliptical it diameter is 2-3 mmit has two eggs membrane ie vitelline membrane and chitinous
formation of egg membraneovum with egg membrane is called ova egg on the basis of origin the egg membrane are of three types
types of spermmainly two types 1 flagellated sperm - generally all sperm are monoflagelated but in todfish or opsonus sperm is biflagelated2 non
spermatocytogenesisin this process four spermatid develop from one pgci multiplication phasethe spermotogonia or sperm mother cells lie next to the
the process by which gametes are produced in the gonads is known as gametogenesisthe process of formation of male gametes or sperm is known as
fundamental characters of embryonic development1 gametogenesis-testes amp ovaries are collectively called as gonads similarly
branches of embryology-1 descriptive embryologythis field of embryology is associated with the morphological description of
theory of pangenesis -proposed by charles darwinaccording this miniature present in the every body cell ie called
germ layer theory -proposed by pander studied chick embryo developmentcoined the term ectoderm mesoderm amp
organizer theory -it was propounded by spemann 1901he was given nobel prize of 1935 for this wrokhe studied the embryonic development of frog newt