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What advantage do many weak interactions have over a few strong interactions?
Mitosis in eukaryotes happen in this order: DNA replicates and then the cell divides.
What type of protective immune response has been suggested to be induced by radiation-attenuated schistosome larvae, and does this operate in humans?
Briefly describe two experimental procedures that have been used to identify molecules expressed on the exposed outer surface of the tegument of adult Schistosoma mansoniworms.
Describe the main clinical symptoms of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) and explain how these arise from a Trypanosoma bruceiinfection.
What kind of alleles can be maintained by a balance between mutation and selection? Which three factors affect the equilibrium allele frequency and how?
Explain why spatially separated populations become increasingly genetically differentiated over time and which process might counteract this differentiation.
Compare congenital diseases involving glycan biosynthesis and glycan degradation. Explain what the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is and why it is important ?
What are glyco-engineered cells and how are they used? Give two examples for the analytical use of lectins.
How is the eukaryotic O-GlcNAc modification different from other glycans? How could you use the enzyme inhibitor Thiamet G to test possible pathological effects of the O-GlcNAc modification?
Describe a study that can measure ecosystem fluxes of sulphur compounds from a local managed grassland pasture whilst accounting for confounding factors. Cost is no issue but you only have two peopl
What is glycan microheterogeneity? List three aspects of N-glycan biosynthesis that are similar in bacteria and eukaryotes.
What happens to the membrane potential if the conductance for ion x increases and the equilibrium potential of x is more negative than the resting potential?
Why do C4 plants saturate earlier than C3 plants on a photosynthetic vs CO2 graph? Draw a labeled diagram of vessels in the rat which form or drain into the inferior vena cava.
Which are the main positive ions found in living beings? describe the composition and function of the blood brain barier. how wil the size of a haplotype block change over evolutionary time?
Can the heat capacity of water be considered small or large? What is the biological significance of that characteristic? What are the main water properties that make water special for life?
Which kind of polarity do water-soluble and fat-soluble substances respectively have? What is the importance of water for enzymatic activity?
What are some examples of the control and informative function of organic molecules?
What are some examples of the energetic function of organic molecules? Discuss the biological functions of sialic acid in the different domains of life.
What are the chemical elements that form most of living biological matter? where would you find shallow soil?
What is the tertiary structure of a protein? What are the main types of tertiary structure? What is the quaternary structure of a protein?
What is the difference between the alpha-helix and the beta-sheet protein conformations? What are some factors that can lead to protein denaturation?
Is it expected that a change in the primary, in the secondary or in the tertiary structure of a protein will produce more functional consequences?
What are respectively some remarkable functions of myosin, CD4, albumin, keratin, immunoglobulin, reverse transcriptase, hemoglobin and insulin?