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group 2 alkaline earths the elements known commonly as alkaline earths have atoms with the ns2 design and almost always have the 2 oxidation
group 1- alkali metalsthe elements of group 1 are commonly known as alkali metals after the alkaline properties of their hydroxides such as naoh. the
nobel gaseswith their closed-shell electron design the noble gas elements of group 18 were long regarded as chemically inert. however in 1962
sulfur selenium and telluriumthe elements known commonly as the chalcogens are in the same group 16 as oxygen. they form some compounds same to those
oxygenoxygen is the second most electronegative substance after fluorine and forms thermodynamically stable compounds with usually all elements. it
carbon silicon and germaniumwith the valence electron configuration s2p2 the nonmetallic group of elements 14 may form compounds with four
boronthe only nonmetallic element in group 13 boron has a strong tendency to covalent bonding. its lonely complex structural chemistry arises from
hydrogenhydrogen is the natural element in the universe and is a major constituent of stars. it is relatively much less common on earth but
reduction formulaescript for introductionfirst let us know what is meant by reduction formula.in simple
three dimensional geometryintorductionin earlier classes we studied about the coordinates in two planes that is the xy plane. here we are going to
fast reactions are those reactions that occur instantaneously. a fast reaction depends upon the reaction rates. these reactions are so fast that they
the gas constant also known as the universal usually denoted by symbol r is a physical constant which is
elasticity is defined as the ability of a solid to return to its original shape even after being expanded or contracted. elasticity is termed as the
properties of ethyl alcoholphysical propertiesit is a colorless liquid with a characteristic alcoholic smell.its boiling point is 351kit is neutral
saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbonsthe compounds of carbon and hydrogen in which carbon atoms are linked to each other by single covalent bondsc-c
versatile nature of carbon-catenationthe chemical compounds can be mainly classified into two main categories. these are organic and inorganic.more
carbon an essential constituent of all organic compoundsthe word organic means to organs of both plants and animals and organic chemistry is the
carbon and its compoundscarbon is a typical non-metal present in earths crust to the extent of 002 by mass.all living organisms contain carbon and
soaps and detergentssodium and pottasium salts of fatty acids such as palmitic acid stearic acid oleic acid etc are called soaps while detergents are
ethanol or ethyl alcoholthis is obtained by the fermentation of molasses in the presence of enzymes as catalyst.c12h22o11h2orarrc6h12o6
the substances which acquire charges on rubbing are said to be charged. the electricity produced by friction is called frictional force. if the
electrostatics ndash two kinds of charges introductionif a glass rod is rubbed with silk cloth it acquires a positive charge while silk
if the charges are situated in a medium of permittivity epsilon then the magnitude of the force between them will be if the charges are situated
introduction and definitionthe force between two particles was studied by coulomb in 1785. he stated that the force of attraction or
the area of a square is given by the formula width times height. but since the square has all the sides equal the height is of the same measure as